#!/usr/bin/env python3

import argparse
import base64
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
import html
import json
import math
import os
from pathlib import Path
import re
import shutil
import subprocess
import sys
import tempfile
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

from xml_tree import parse as parse_xml


DOCBOOK_NS = "http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
XML_NS = "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
FORCE_ROLE = "example-test"
EXTERNAL_STATE_ROLE = "requires-external-state"
DOCUMENTED_OUTPUT_ROLE = "documented-output"
CAPABILITY_ROLE_RE = re.compile(
    r"^requires-(geos|proj|sfcgal|cgal|protobuf|raster)-(\d+(?:\.\d+)*)$", re.I
)
GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_PRECISION_ROLE_RE = re.compile(r"^geometry-output-precision-(\d+)$")
CAPABILITY_VERSION_QUERIES = {
    "geos": "SELECT PostGIS_GEOS_Version()",
    "proj": "SELECT PostGIS_PROJ_Version()",
    "sfcgal": "SELECT postgis_sfcgal_version()",
    "cgal": "SELECT postgis_sfcgal_full_version()",
    "protobuf": "SELECT postgis_libprotobuf_version()",
    "raster": (
        "SELECT CASE WHEN EXISTS ("
        "SELECT 1 FROM pg_proc WHERE proname = 'st_makeemptyraster'"
        ") THEN '1.0.0' ELSE '' END"
    ),
}
FUNCTION_CAPABILITY_REQUIREMENTS = (
    ("raster", (1, 0, 0), re.compile(
        r"\b(?:ST_(?:AddBand|AsPNG|AsRaster|Band|Clip|ColorMap|ConvexHull|"
        r"FromGDALRaster|GDALDrivers|Grayscale|MapAlgebra|MakeEmptyRaster|"
        r"MinConvexHull|Pixel|Polygon|Raster|Resample|Rescale|Resize|"
        r"SetBand|SetM|SetValue|SetValues|SetZ|Transform|Value)|PostGIS_Raster_)",
        re.I,
    )),
    ("geos", (3, 11, 0), re.compile(
        r"\bST_(?:DelaunayTriangles|LargestEmptyCircle|LineMerge|"
        r"MaximumInscribedCircle|OffsetCurve|OrientedEnvelope|"
        r"SimplifyPolygonHull|SimplifyPreserveTopology|TriangulatePolygon|"
        r"VoronoiPolygons)\s*\(",
        re.I,
    )),
    ("geos", (3, 12, 0), re.compile(r"\bST_Coverage(?:InvalidEdges|Simplify)\s*\(", re.I)),
    ("geos", (3, 13, 0), re.compile(r"\bST_ClusterRelateWin\s*\(", re.I)),
    ("geos", (3, 14, 0), re.compile(r"\bST_CoverageClean\s*\(", re.I)),
    ("geos", (3, 15, 0), re.compile(r"\bST_CoverageEdges\s*\(", re.I)),
    ("sfcgal", (2, 0, 0), re.compile(r"\bCG_3DBuffer\s*\(", re.I)),
    ("sfcgal", (2, 1, 0), re.compile(
        r"\bCG_(?:3DAlphaWrapping|3DDifference|3DUnion|AlphaShape|"
        r"ApproximateMedialAxis|ConstrainedDelaunayTriangles|"
        r"ExtrudeStraightSkeleton|OptimalAlphaShape|Simplify|"
        r"StraightSkeletonPartition|Volume)\s*\(",
        re.I,
    )),
    ("sfcgal", (2, 3, 0), re.compile(
        r"\bCG_(?:Generate(?:Flat|Hipped|Gable|Skillion)?Roof|PolygonRepair|"
        r"NurbsCurve(?:Interpolate|Approximate|Derivative))\s*\(",
        re.I,
    )),
    ("cgal", (6, 0, 0), re.compile(r"\bCG_PolygonRepair\s*\(", re.I)),
)
ENVIRONMENT_CHECKS = (
    {
        "label": "PROJ grid au_icsm_GDA94_GDA2020_conformal_and_distortion.tif",
        "query": """SELECT ST_AsText(ST_TransformPipeline(
    'SRID=4939;POINT(143.0 -37.0)'::geometry,
    'urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::8447'
))""",
        "expected": [["POINT(143.0000063280214 -36.999986718287545)"]],
        "hint": "Install the PROJ data package containing au_icsm_GDA94_GDA2020_conformal_and_distortion.tif, or fetch it with projsync so the PostgreSQL/PostGIS PROJ search path can find it.",
    },
)


class QueryRows(list):
    def __init__(self, rows, headers=None, types=None, visuals=None):
        super().__init__(rows)
        self.headers = headers or []
        self.types = types or []
        self.visuals = visuals or []
WKT_TYPES = (
    "POINT|LINESTRING|POLYGON|MULTIPOINT|MULTILINESTRING|MULTIPOLYGON|"
    "GEOMETRYCOLLECTION|CIRCULARSTRING|COMPOUNDCURVE|CURVEPOLYGON|"
    "MULTICURVE|MULTISURFACE|TIN|TRIANGLE|POLYHEDRALSURFACE"
    "|NURBSCURVE"
)
WKT_DIMENSION_SUFFIX = r"(?:\s*(?:ZM|Z|M)|ZM|Z|M)?"
WKT_START_RE = re.compile(rf"(?:SRID\s*=\s*\d+\s*;\s*)?(?:{WKT_TYPES}){WKT_DIMENSION_SUFFIX}\s*\(", re.I)
WKT_VALUE_RE = re.compile(
    rf"^\s*(?:SRID\s*=\s*\d+\s*;\s*)?(?:{WKT_TYPES}){WKT_DIMENSION_SUFFIX}\s*(?:\(|EMPTY\s*$)",
    re.I,
)
WKT_COMPONENT_RE = re.compile(
    rf"\b({WKT_TYPES}){WKT_DIMENSION_SUFFIX}\s*(?=\(|EMPTY\b)",
    re.I,
)
HEXWKB_RE = re.compile(r"^(?:\\x)?([0-9A-Fa-f]+)$")
GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_TYPE_RE = re.compile(r"^(?:geometry|geography)(?:\s*\([^)]*\))?$", re.I)
WKB_TYPE_NAMES = {
    1: "POINT",
    2: "LINESTRING",
    3: "POLYGON",
    4: "MULTIPOINT",
    5: "MULTILINESTRING",
    6: "MULTIPOLYGON",
    7: "GEOMETRYCOLLECTION",
    8: "CIRCULARSTRING",
    9: "COMPOUNDCURVE",
    10: "CURVEPOLYGON",
    11: "MULTICURVE",
    12: "MULTISURFACE",
    15: "POLYHEDRALSURFACE",
    16: "TIN",
    17: "TRIANGLE",
    21: "NURBSCURVE",
}
UNORDERED_AREAL_TYPES = ("POLYGON", "MULTIPOLYGON", "TRIANGLE")
UNORDERED_SURFACE_TYPES = ("POLYHEDRALSURFACE", "TIN")
EWKB_Z_FLAG = 0x80000000
EWKB_M_FLAG = 0x40000000
EWKB_SRID_FLAG = 0x20000000
EWKB_BBOX_FLAG = 0x10000000
EWKB_TYPE_MASK = 0x0FFFFFFF
NUMBER_PATTERN = r"[-+]?(?:\d+(?:\.\d*)?|\.\d+)(?:[eE][-+]?\d+)?"
MAKE_ENVELOPE_RE = re.compile(
    rf"\bST_MakeEnvelope\s*\(\s*({NUMBER_PATTERN})\s*,\s*({NUMBER_PATTERN})\s*,\s*"
    rf"({NUMBER_PATTERN})\s*,\s*({NUMBER_PATTERN})(?:\s*,\s*(-?\d+))?\s*\)",
    re.I,
)
POINT_CONSTRUCTOR_RE = re.compile(
    rf"\bST_(?:Make)?Point\s*\(\s*({NUMBER_PATTERN})\s*,\s*({NUMBER_PATTERN})\s*\)",
    re.I,
)
GEOGRAPHY_INPUT_RE = re.compile(
    r"::\s*geography\b|\bST_(?:Geog|Geography)FromText\s*\(",
    re.I,
)
VISUAL_ROLE = "visual-primary"
VISUAL_SKIP_ROLE = "visual-skip"
VISUAL_DIRECTION_ROLE = "visual-direction"
VISUAL_OUTPUT_ONLY_ROLE = "visual-output-only"
VISUAL_HIDE_OUTPUT_AREA_VERTICES_ROLE = "visual-hide-output-area-vertices"
VISUAL_SEPARATE_OUTPUT_ROLE = "visual-separate-output"
VISUAL_ROW_PANELS_ROLE = "visual-row-panels"
VISUAL_MATRIX_3X3_ROLE = "visual-matrix-3x3"
VISUAL_OVERLAY_ROLE = "visual-overlay"
VISUAL_TESSELLATION_ROLE = "visual-tessellation"
SVG_PALETTES = {
    "Code": ("#2878b8", "#59a4d8", "#0f5f9c"),
    "Output": ("#a62c2b", "#d95f3d", "#ef8a47"),
}
POINT_TYPES = {"POINT", "MULTIPOINT"}
CLUSTER_COLUMN_NAMES = {"cluster", "cluster_id", "cid", "category"}
LABEL_COLUMN_NAMES = {"label", "name", "title", "description", "place", "places", "parcels"}
MARKER_SCALE_COLUMN_NAME = "marker_scale"
MAX_VISUAL_GEOMETRIES = 16
MAX_VISUAL_WKT_BYTES = 100000
VALUE_DECIMAL_DIGITS = 12
VALUE_TOLERANCE = 10 ** -VALUE_DECIMAL_DIGITS
NONVISUAL_SINGLE_INPUT_RE = re.compile(
    r"\b(?:ST_(?:AS(?:TEXT|EWKT|BINARY|EWKB|HEXEWKB|GML|KML|GEOJSON|X3D|"
    r"MARC21|GEOBUF|TWKB|ENCODEDPOLYLINE|LATLONTEXT)|GEOHASH|SRID|GEOMETRYTYPE|"
    r"COORDDIM|NDIMS|ZMFLAG|MEMSIZE|NUMGEOMETRIES|NUMPOINTS|NPOINTS|NUMRINGS|"
    r"NUMPATCHES|X|Y|Z|M)|CG_3DAREA)\s*\(",
    re.I,
)
DECIMAL_RE = re.compile(r"(?<![A-Za-z_])-?(?:\d+\.\d*|\.\d+)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+)?")
VERSION_FUNCTION_RE = re.compile(
    r"\b(?:"
    r"PostGIS_Full_Version|postgis_full_version|PostGIS_GEOS_Version|"
    r"PostGIS_GEOS_Compiled_Version|PostGIS_LibXML_Version|"
    r"PostGIS_LibJSON_Version|PostGIS_PROJ_Version|"
    r"PostGIS_PROJ_Compiled_Version|PostGIS_Wagyu_Version|"
    r"PostGIS_Lib_Build_Date|PostGIS_Lib_Version|"
    r"PostGIS_Scripts_Build_Date|PostGIS_Scripts_Installed|"
    r"PostGIS_Scripts_Released|PostGIS_Version"
    r")\s*\(",
    re.I,
)
CATALOG_QUERY_RE = re.compile(r"\bpg_available_extensions\b", re.I)


class ExampleTester:
    def __init__(self, xml_file):
        self.index = parse_xml(xml_file)
        self.doc = self.index.tree

    def node_text(self, node):
        return "".join(node.itertext()).replace("\r\n", "\n").replace("\r", "\n")

    def has_role(self, node, role):
        return role in node.get("role", "").split()

    def geometry_output_precision(self, node):
        if node is None:
            return None
        for role in node.get("role", "").split():
            match = GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_PRECISION_ROLE_RE.fullmatch(role)
            if match:
                return int(match.group(1))
        return None

    def capability_requirements(self, node):
        requirements = []
        for role in node.get("role", "").split():
            match = CAPABILITY_ROLE_RE.fullmatch(role)
            if match:
                requirements.append({
                    "name": match.group(1).lower(),
                    "minimum": tuple(int(part) for part in match.group(2).split(".")),
                    "role": role,
                })
        return requirements

    def inferred_capability_requirements(self, query):
        requirements = []
        if query is None:
            return requirements
        for name, minimum, pattern in FUNCTION_CAPABILITY_REQUIREMENTS:
            if pattern.search(query):
                requirements.append({
                    "name": name,
                    "minimum": minimum,
                    "role": f"auto-requires-{name}-" + ".".join(str(part) for part in minimum),
                })
        return requirements

    def merge_capability_requirements(self, requirements):
        merged = {}
        for requirement in requirements:
            name = requirement["name"]
            current = merged.get(name)
            if current is None or requirement["minimum"] > current["minimum"]:
                merged[name] = requirement
        return list(merged.values())

    def runtime_capabilities(self, database, names):
        capabilities = {}
        for name in sorted(names):
            query = CAPABILITY_VERSION_QUERIES[name]
            try:
                value = self.run_psql_scalar(database, query)
            except RuntimeError:
                capabilities[name] = ()
                continue
            capabilities[name] = self.capability_version(name, value)
        return capabilities

    def capability_version(self, name, value):
        if name == "cgal":
            match = re.search(r"\bCGAL\b[^0-9]*(\d+(?:\.\d+)+)", value, re.I)
        else:
            match = re.search(r"\d+(?:\.\d+)+", value)
        if not match:
            return ()
        version_text = match.group(1 if name == "cgal" else 0)
        return tuple(int(part) for part in version_text.split("."))

    def requirements_satisfied(self, requirements, capabilities):
        for requirement in requirements:
            current = capabilities.get(requirement["name"], ())
            minimum = requirement["minimum"]
            width = max(len(current), len(minimum))
            if current + (0,) * (width - len(current)) < minimum + (0,) * (width - len(minimum)):
                return False
        return True

    def source_label(self, node):
        refentry = next(
            (ancestor for ancestor in self.index.ancestors(node) if ancestor.tag == f"{{{DOCBOOK_NS}}}refentry"),
            None,
        )
        section = next(
            (
                ancestor for ancestor in self.index.ancestors(node)
                if ancestor.tag == f"{{{DOCBOOK_NS}}}section"
            ),
            None,
        )
        line = self.index.line(node) or "unknown"
        refentry_id = refentry.get(f"{{{XML_NS}}}id") if refentry is not None else None
        section_id = section.get(f"{{{XML_NS}}}id") if section is not None else None
        if section is not None and not section_id:
            title = section.find(f"{{{DOCBOOK_NS}}}title")
            if title is not None:
                section_id = re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z0-9_.-]+", "_", self.node_text(title).strip()).strip("_")
        label = refentry_id or section_id or f"line_{line}"
        return f"{label}:{line}"

    def obvious_skip_reason(self, text):
        if re.search(r"SELECT\s+'<\?xml", text, re.I):
            return "document-output"
        if re.search(
            r"\b(sometable|gps_points|boston_polys|trajectories|fe_edges|"
            r"mytable|myrasters|mytestraster|dummy_rast|Projected\.tif|/home/raster|"
            r"towns|va2005|bc_roads|o_4_boston|"
            r"bc_municipality|nyc_|ma\.|features\.|aerials\.|"
            r"ma_topo|topo_boston_test|city_data|tt|"
            r"tiger\.|loader_|raster2pgsql|shp2pgsql|psql\b|wget\b|curl\b|"
            r"write_file|topology\.topologysummary|topology\.createtopology|"
            r"topology\.st_inittopogeo)\b",
            text,
            re.I,
        ):
            return "external-context"
        if re.search(
            r"\b(?:DropGeometryColumn|DropGeometryTable|Find_SRID|"
            r"PostGIS_Extensions_Upgrade|"
            r"PostGIS_GDAL_Version|PostGIS_Liblwgeom_Version|"
            r"PostGIS_Raster_Lib_Build_Date|PostGIS_Raster_Lib_Version|"
            r"PostGIS_Raster_Scripts_Installed|ST_GDALDrivers|ST_FromGDALRaster"
            r")\s*\(",
            text,
            re.I,
        ):
            return "external-context"
        if (
            "..." in text
            or re.search(r"\.\.(?:[),]|\s*$)", text, re.M)
            or re.search(r"(?:AD INFINITUM|--ETC--)", text, re.I)
        ):
            return "placeholder-output"
        if re.search(r"\b(NOTICE|ERROR):", text):
            return "notice-or-error"
        return ""

    def looks_sql(self, text):
        return re.search(r"\b(SELECT|WITH|CREATE|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|ALTER|DROP)\b", text, re.I)

    def looks_query(self, text):
        return re.search(r"\b(SELECT|WITH)\b", text, re.I)

    def has_legacy_inband_expected(self, text):
        return (
            re.search(r"--\s*(result|output|wkt collect)\s*--", text, re.I)
            or re.search(r"^\s*\S.*\n\s*[-+]{3,}\s*\n", text, re.S | re.M)
            or re.search(r"\(\d+ rows?\)", text)
        )

    def following_screen(self, node):
        sibling = self.index.next_sibling(node)
        if sibling is not None and sibling.tag == f"{{{DOCBOOK_NS}}}screen":
            return sibling
        return None

    def visual_location(self, screen):
        refentry = next(
            (ancestor for ancestor in self.index.ancestors(screen)
             if ancestor.tag == f"{{{DOCBOOK_NS}}}refentry"),
            None,
        )
        if refentry is None:
            screens = [
                candidate for candidate in self.doc.getroot().iter(f"{{{DOCBOOK_NS}}}screen")
                if not any(
                    ancestor.tag == f"{{{DOCBOOK_NS}}}refentry"
                    for ancestor in self.index.ancestors(candidate)
                )
            ]
            return "", screens.index(screen) + 1
        screens = list(refentry.iter(f"{{{DOCBOOK_NS}}}screen"))
        return refentry.get(f"{{{XML_NS}}}id", ""), screens.index(screen) + 1

    def visual_id(self, screen):
        explicit_id = screen.get(f"{{{XML_NS}}}id")
        if explicit_id:
            return explicit_id
        refentry, ordinal = self.visual_location(screen)
        slug = re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9]+", "-", refentry.lower()).strip("-") or "manual"
        return f"visual-{slug}-{ordinal:02d}"

    def geometry_type(self, value):
        match = WKT_START_RE.search(value or "")
        if not match:
            return None
        prefix = re.sub(r"^\s*SRID\s*=\s*\d+\s*;\s*", "", value, flags=re.I)
        match = re.match(r"([A-Z]+)", prefix.strip(), re.I)
        return match.group(1).upper() if match else None

    def hexwkb_geometry(self, value, allow_bytea_prefix=True):
        """Return the normalized HEXWKB payload and root type, without parsing coordinates."""
        if not isinstance(value, str):
            return None
        text = value.strip()
        match = HEXWKB_RE.fullmatch(text)
        if not match or (text.startswith("\\x") and not allow_bytea_prefix):
            return None
        payload = match.group(1)
        if len(payload) < 10 or len(payload) % 2:
            return None
        header = bytes.fromhex(payload[:10])
        byte_order = header[0]
        if byte_order not in (0, 1):
            return None
        type_word = int.from_bytes(header[1:5], "little" if byte_order == 1 else "big")
        if type_word & EWKB_BBOX_FLAG:
            return None
        encoded_type = type_word & EWKB_TYPE_MASK
        dimension_offset = encoded_type // 1000
        if dimension_offset in (1, 2, 3):
            base_type = encoded_type % 1000
        else:
            base_type = encoded_type
        geometry_type = WKB_TYPE_NAMES.get(base_type)
        if geometry_type is None:
            return None
        has_z = bool(type_word & EWKB_Z_FLAG) or dimension_offset in (1, 3)
        has_m = bool(type_word & EWKB_M_FLAG) or dimension_offset in (2, 3)
        if dimension_offset in (1, 2, 3) and type_word & (EWKB_Z_FLAG | EWKB_M_FLAG):
            return None
        if dimension_offset in (1, 2, 3) and type_word & EWKB_SRID_FLAG and base_type != 21:
            return None
        if base_type == 21 and type_word & (EWKB_Z_FLAG | EWKB_M_FLAG):
            return None
        dimensions = 2 + int(has_z) + int(has_m)
        minimum_bytes = 5 + (4 if type_word & EWKB_SRID_FLAG else 0)
        if base_type == 1:
            minimum_bytes += dimensions * 8
        elif base_type == 21:
            minimum_bytes += 12
        else:
            minimum_bytes += 4
        if len(payload) // 2 < minimum_bytes:
            return None
        return {"hexwkb": payload.upper(), "type": geometry_type}

    def geometry_output_hex(self, value, output_type):
        if not GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_TYPE_RE.fullmatch(output_type or ""):
            return None
        return self.hexwkb_geometry(value)

    def documented_wkt_decimal_digits(self, expected_wkt):
        if expected_wkt is None:
            return VALUE_DECIMAL_DIGITS
        digits = []
        for match in re.finditer(NUMBER_PATTERN, expected_wkt):
            value = match.group(0).lower()
            if "e" in value:
                return VALUE_DECIMAL_DIGITS
            if "." in value:
                digits.append(len(value.split(".", 1)[1]))
        return min(max(digits, default=0), VALUE_DECIMAL_DIGITS)

    def documented_wkt_tolerance(self, expected_wkt):
        digits = self.documented_wkt_decimal_digits(expected_wkt)
        return max(VALUE_TOLERANCE, 0.5 * 10 ** -digits)

    def documented_wkt_uses_explicit_z_token(self, expected_wkt):
        return bool(re.search(
            rf"\b(?:{WKT_TYPES})\s+Z(?:M)?\s*(?:\(|EMPTY\b)",
            expected_wkt or "",
            re.I,
        ))

    def documented_wkt_is_2d(self, expected_wkt):
        if expected_wkt is None or self.documented_wkt_uses_explicit_z_token(expected_wkt):
            return False
        return not re.search(
            rf"\(\s*{NUMBER_PATTERN}\s+{NUMBER_PATTERN}\s+{NUMBER_PATTERN}",
            expected_wkt,
        )

    def areal_canonical_key_sql(self, geometry, digits=VALUE_DECIMAL_DIGITS):
        """Return a representation-independent key for areal geometry.

        ST_Normalize canonicalizes polygon orientation and component order, but
        its ring-start choice is based on XY.  A 3D face may therefore retain
        different (but equivalent) cyclic starts when two vertices share XY
        and differ only in Z.  Rotate each normalized ring using the same
        precision-aware point formatter used by documented WKT output, then
        sort the normalized areal components.
        """
        point_key = f"ST_AsEWKT(point.geom, {digits})"
        return (
            "(SELECT jsonb_agg(face_key ORDER BY face_key) FROM (SELECT "
            "face_path, jsonb_agg(ring_key ORDER BY ring_path) AS face_key "
            "FROM (SELECT face_path, ring_path, (SELECT "
            "array_to_string("
            "points[rotation:array_length(points, 1)] || points[1:rotation - 1], "
            "','"
            ") "
            "FROM generate_subscripts(points, 1) AS rotations(rotation) "
            "ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 1) AS ring_key FROM (SELECT face_path, ring_path, "
            "array_agg(point_key ORDER BY point_ordinal) AS points FROM (SELECT "
            "face.path AS face_path, "
            "point.path[1:array_length(point.path, 1) - 1] AS ring_path, "
            "point.path[array_length(point.path, 1)] AS point_ordinal, "
            "max(point.path[array_length(point.path, 1)]) OVER (PARTITION BY "
            "face.path, point.path[1:array_length(point.path, 1) - 1]) AS "
            f"closing_ordinal, {point_key} AS point_key "
            f"FROM canonical CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump({geometry}) AS face "
            "CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_DumpPoints(ST_Normalize(face.geom)) AS point"
            ") AS face_points WHERE point_ordinal < closing_ordinal "
            "GROUP BY face_path, ring_path) AS face_rings) AS canonical_rings "
            "GROUP BY face_path) AS canonical_faces)"
        )

    def geometry_comparison_query(
        self, actual_hex, expected_hex=None, expected_wkt=None, actual_type=None,
        expected_wkt_digits=None,
    ):
        actual = (
            "ST_GeomFromEWKB(decode("
            f"'{actual_hex}', 'hex'))"
        )
        if expected_hex is not None:
            expected = (
                "ST_GeomFromEWKB(decode("
                f"'{expected_hex}', 'hex'))"
            )
            srid_is_optional = "FALSE"
        else:
            expected_literal = expected_wkt.replace("'", "''")
            expected = f"ST_GeomFromEWKT('{expected_literal}')"
            srid_is_optional = (
                "FALSE" if re.match(r"^\s*SRID\s*=", expected_wkt, re.I) else "TRUE"
            )
        if expected_hex is None and self.documented_wkt_is_2d(expected_wkt):
            actual = f"ST_Force2D({actual})"
            expected = f"ST_Force2D({expected})"
        preamble = (
            "WITH geometries AS (SELECT "
            f"{actual} AS actual, {expected} AS expected), "
            "comparable AS (SELECT actual, CASE WHEN "
            f"{srid_is_optional} AND ST_SRID(expected) = 0 "
            "THEN ST_SetSRID(expected, ST_SRID(actual)) ELSE expected END AS expected "
            "FROM geometries), "
            "canonical AS (SELECT "
            f"CASE WHEN GeometryType(actual) IN {UNORDERED_AREAL_TYPES!r} "
            "THEN ST_Normalize(actual) ELSE actual END AS actual, "
            f"CASE WHEN GeometryType(expected) IN {UNORDERED_AREAL_TYPES!r} "
            "THEN ST_Normalize(expected) ELSE expected END AS expected "
            "FROM comparable) "
        )
        metadata = (
            "GeometryType(actual) = GeometryType(expected) "
            "AND ST_CoordDim(actual) = ST_CoordDim(expected) "
            "AND ST_Zmflag(actual) = ST_Zmflag(expected) "
            "AND ST_SRID(actual) = ST_SRID(expected) "
        )
        documented_digits = (
            expected_wkt_digits
            if expected_wkt_digits is not None else
            self.documented_wkt_decimal_digits(expected_wkt)
            if expected_hex is None else VALUE_DECIMAL_DIGITS
        )

        if actual_type in UNORDERED_AREAL_TYPES + UNORDERED_SURFACE_TYPES:
            return preamble + (
                "SELECT " + metadata +
                "AND " + self.areal_canonical_key_sql("actual", documented_digits) +
                " IS NOT DISTINCT FROM " +
                self.areal_canonical_key_sql("expected", documented_digits) + " "
                "FROM canonical"
            )

        if expected_hex is None and (
            expected_wkt_digits is not None or 0 < documented_digits < VALUE_DECIMAL_DIGITS
        ):
            shape_match = (
                f"ST_AsText(actual, {documented_digits}) = "
                f"ST_AsText(expected, {documented_digits})"
            )
            if expected_wkt_digits is not None:
                shape_match = (
                    f"({shape_match} OR "
                    f"ST_HausdorffDistance(actual, expected) <= {10 ** -expected_wkt_digits:.17g})"
                )
            return preamble + (
                "SELECT " + metadata +
                f"AND {shape_match} "
                "FROM comparable"
            )

        if actual_type == "NURBSCURVE":
            return preamble + (
                "SELECT " + metadata +
                "AND ST_AsHEXEWKB(actual, 'XDR') = "
                "ST_AsHEXEWKB(expected, 'XDR') "
                "FROM canonical"
            )

        if actual_type == "GEOMETRYCOLLECTION":
            surface_types = "('POLYHEDRALSURFACE', 'TIN')"
            return preamble + (
                "SELECT " + metadata +
                "AND CASE WHEN EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ST_Dump(actual) AS part "
                f"WHERE GeometryType(part.geom) IN {surface_types}) "
                "OR EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ST_Dump(expected) AS part "
                f"WHERE GeometryType(part.geom) IN {surface_types}) "
                "THEN ST_AsEWKT(actual) = ST_AsEWKT(expected) "
                "ELSE ST_AsEWKT(ST_Normalize(actual)) = "
                "ST_AsEWKT(ST_Normalize(expected)) END "
                "FROM canonical"
            )

        tolerance = format(
            self.documented_wkt_tolerance(expected_wkt)
            if expected_hex is None else VALUE_TOLERANCE,
            ".17g",
        )
        return preamble + (
            ", actual_components AS (SELECT path, GeometryType(geom) AS type "
            "FROM canonical CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(actual)), "
            "expected_components AS (SELECT path, GeometryType(geom) AS type "
            "FROM canonical CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(expected)), "
            "actual_points AS (SELECT path, ST_X(geom) AS x, ST_Y(geom) AS y, "
            "ST_Z(geom) AS z, ST_M(geom) AS m "
            "FROM canonical CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_DumpPoints(actual)), "
            "expected_points AS (SELECT path, ST_X(geom) AS x, ST_Y(geom) AS y, "
            "ST_Z(geom) AS z, ST_M(geom) AS m "
            "FROM canonical CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_DumpPoints(expected)) "
            "SELECT " + metadata +
            "AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM actual_components a FULL JOIN "
            "expected_components e USING (path) WHERE a.path IS NULL OR e.path IS NULL "
            "OR a.type IS DISTINCT FROM e.type) "
            "AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM actual_points a FULL JOIN expected_points e "
            "USING (path) WHERE a.path IS NULL OR e.path IS NULL "
            "OR (a.x IS NULL) <> (e.x IS NULL) "
            f"OR (a.x IS NOT NULL AND abs(a.x - e.x) > {tolerance} * "
            "greatest(1.0, abs(a.x), abs(e.x))) "
            "OR (a.y IS NULL) <> (e.y IS NULL) "
            f"OR (a.y IS NOT NULL AND abs(a.y - e.y) > {tolerance} * "
            "greatest(1.0, abs(a.y), abs(e.y))) "
            "OR (a.z IS NULL) <> (e.z IS NULL) "
            f"OR (a.z IS NOT NULL AND abs(a.z - e.z) > {tolerance} * "
            "greatest(1.0, abs(a.z), abs(e.z))) "
            "OR (a.m IS NULL) <> (e.m IS NULL) "
            f"OR (a.m IS NOT NULL AND abs(a.m - e.m) > {tolerance} * "
            "greatest(1.0, abs(a.m), abs(e.m)))) "
            "FROM canonical"
        )

    def expected_has_hexwkb(self, expected):
        return any(
            self.hexwkb_geometry(value, allow_bytea_prefix=False) is not None
            for row in expected
            for value in row
        )

    def expected_has_geometry_text(self, expected):
        return any(
            isinstance(value, str) and WKT_VALUE_RE.match(value)
            for row in expected
            for value in row
        )

    def documented_visual_types(self, expected):
        width = max((len(row) for row in expected), default=0)
        return [
            "geometry" if any(
                column < len(row)
                and (
                    self.hexwkb_geometry(row[column], allow_bytea_prefix=False) is not None
                    or (
                        isinstance(row[column], str)
                        and WKT_VALUE_RE.match(row[column])
                    )
                )
                for row in expected
            ) else ""
            for column in range(width)
        ]

    def normalized_geometry(self, value):
        return re.sub(r"\s+", "", value or "").upper()

    def point_only_geometry(self, value):
        geometry_types = [match.group(1).upper() for match in WKT_COMPONENT_RE.finditer(value or "")]
        return bool(geometry_types) and all(
            geometry_type in POINT_TYPES or geometry_type == "GEOMETRYCOLLECTION"
            for geometry_type in geometry_types
        )

    def visual_candidate(self, query, expected, explicit=False):
        code = [candidate["wkt"] for candidate in self.code_geometry_candidates(query)]
        output_wkt = self.geometry_candidates(self.rows_to_string(expected))
        output_hex = []
        if not NONVISUAL_SINGLE_INPUT_RE.search(query):
            for row in expected:
                for value in row:
                    candidate = self.hexwkb_geometry(value, allow_bytea_prefix=False)
                    if candidate is not None:
                        output_hex.append(candidate)
        if explicit:
            return {"kind": "explicit", "preferred": True}
        if code and not output_wkt and not output_hex and GEOGRAPHY_INPUT_RE.search(query):
            return None
        output_values = output_wkt + [candidate["hexwkb"] for candidate in output_hex]
        values = code + output_values
        if not values:
            return None
        if len(values) > MAX_VISUAL_GEOMETRIES or sum(len(value) for value in values) > MAX_VISUAL_WKT_BYTES:
            return None
        code_types = [self.geometry_type(value) for value in code]
        output_types = [self.geometry_type(value) for value in output_wkt]
        output_types.extend(candidate["type"] for candidate in output_hex)
        if (
            len(code) == len(output_wkt) == 1
            and not output_hex
            and self.normalized_geometry(code[0]) == self.normalized_geometry(output_wkt[0])
        ):
            return None
        if output_values:
            if all(value in POINT_TYPES for value in output_types) and not (
                len(values) > 1 and any(value not in POINT_TYPES for value in code_types)
            ):
                return None
            return {"kind": "geometry-output", "preferred": True}
        if not code or all(self.point_only_geometry(value) for value in code):
            return None
        if len(code) == 1 and NONVISUAL_SINGLE_INPUT_RE.search(query):
            return None
        return {"kind": "input-context", "preferred": False}

    def parse_adjacent_example(self, query, screen):
        return self.clean_example(query, self.expected_rows_from_psql_lines(screen.split("\n")))

    def clean_example(self, query, expected_rows):
        query = query.strip()
        query = re.sub(r";\s*$", "", query)
        if not query or not expected_rows:
            return None, None
        return query, expected_rows

    def expected_rows_from_plain_lines(self, lines):
        rows = []
        for line in lines:
            line = line.strip()
            if not line or re.match(r"^\(\d+ rows?\)$", line):
                continue
            rows.append(self.split_psql_row(line) if re.search(r"│|\s+\|\s+", line) else [line])
        return rows

    def split_psql_row(self, line):
        if "│" in line:
            return [part.strip() for part in line.split("│")]
        parts = re.split(r"\s+\|\s+", line)
        if len(parts) > 1 and parts[-1].endswith("|"):
            parts[-1] = parts[-1][:-1]
            parts.append("")
        return [part.strip() for part in parts]

    def psql_delimiter_positions(self, header, separator):
        positions = [index for index, char in enumerate(header) if char in "|│"]
        if not positions:
            positions = [index for index, char in enumerate(separator) if char in "+┼"]
        return positions

    def split_psql_table_row(self, line, header, separator):
        positions = self.psql_delimiter_positions(header, separator)
        if not positions:
            return [line.strip()]

        values = []
        start = 0
        actual_delimiters = [index for index, char in enumerate(line) if char in "|│"]
        for position in positions:
            candidates = [candidate for candidate in actual_delimiters if candidate >= start]
            delimiter = min(candidates, key=lambda candidate: abs(candidate - position)) if candidates else position
            values.append(line[start:delimiter].strip())
            start = delimiter + 1
        values.append(line[start:].strip())
        return values

    def psql_expanded_records(self, lines):
        record_header = re.compile(r"^\s*-\[\s*RECORD\s+\d+\s*\][-+]*\s*$", re.I)
        field = re.compile(r"^\s*([^|]+?)\s+\|\s?(.*)$")
        headers = None
        rows = []
        current_headers = None
        current_row = None

        for line in lines:
            if record_header.match(line):
                if current_row is not None:
                    if headers is None:
                        headers = current_headers
                    rows.append(current_row)
                current_headers = []
                current_row = []
                continue
            if current_row is None:
                continue
            match = field.match(line)
            if not match:
                continue
            current_headers.append(match.group(1).strip())
            current_row.append(match.group(2).strip())

        if current_row is not None:
            if headers is None:
                headers = current_headers
            rows.append(current_row)
        if not rows:
            return None
        return headers, rows

    def expected_rows_from_psql_lines(self, lines):
        clean = [line.replace("\r\n", "\n").replace("\r", "\n") for line in lines if re.search(r"\S", line)]
        if not clean:
            return []

        expanded = self.psql_expanded_records(clean)
        if expanded is not None:
            return expanded[1]

        for i in range(len(clean) - 1):
            if not re.match(r"^\s*[-+─┼]+\s*$", clean[i + 1]):
                continue
            rows = []
            saw_row_count = False
            for line in clean[i + 2 :]:
                if re.match(r"^\s*$", line):
                    break
                if re.match(r"^\s*\(\d+ rows?\)\s*$", line):
                    saw_row_count = True
                    break
                if re.match(r"^\s*[-+─┼]+\s*$", line):
                    continue
                rows.append(self.split_psql_table_row(line, clean[i], clean[i + 1]))
            if rows or saw_row_count:
                return rows

        return self.expected_rows_from_plain_lines(clean)

    def psql_headers_from_lines(self, lines):
        clean = [line for line in lines if re.search(r"\S", line)]
        expanded = self.psql_expanded_records(clean)
        if expanded is not None:
            return expanded[0]
        for i in range(len(clean) - 1):
            if re.match(r"^\s*[-+─┼]+\s*$", clean[i + 1]):
                return self.split_psql_table_row(clean[i], clean[i], clean[i + 1])
        return []

    def comparable_value(self, value):
        if value is None:
            return ""
        if value == "":
            return "null"
        if re.match(r"^null$", value, re.I):
            return "null"
        if re.match(rf"^(?:SRID=\d+;)?(?:{WKT_TYPES}){WKT_DIMENSION_SUFFIX}\s*(?:\(|EMPTY\b)", value, re.I):
            value = re.sub(rf"\b({WKT_TYPES})\s+(ZM|Z|M)\s*\(", r"\1\2(", value, flags=re.I)
            value = re.sub(rf"\b({WKT_TYPES})(ZM|Z|M)\s*\(", r"\1\2(", value, flags=re.I)
            value = re.sub(rf"\b({WKT_TYPES})\s+\(", r"\1(", value, flags=re.I)
            value = re.sub(r",\s+", ",", value)
        value = DECIMAL_RE.sub(lambda match: f"{float(match.group(0)):.12g}", value)
        return value

    def canonical_ring(self, ring):
        points = ring.split(",")
        if len(points) > 1 and points[0] == points[-1]:
            points = points[:-1]
        if not points:
            return ring

        rotations = []
        for candidate in (points, list(reversed(points))):
            for index in range(len(candidate)):
                rotated = candidate[index:] + candidate[:index]
                rotations.append(rotated)
        points = min(rotations)
        return ",".join(points + [points[0]])

    def canonical_polygon_wkt(self, value):
        match = re.match(r"^(?:SRID=\d+;)?POLYGON\(\((.*)\)\)$", value, re.I | re.S)
        if not match:
            return value
        rings = match.group(1).split("),(")
        return "POLYGON((" + "),(".join(self.canonical_ring(ring) for ring in rings) + "))"

    def split_wkt_parts(self, value):
        parts = []
        depth = 0
        start = 0
        for index, char in enumerate(value):
            if char == "(":
                depth += 1
            elif char == ")":
                depth -= 1
            elif char == "," and depth == 0:
                parts.append(value[start:index])
                start = index + 1
        parts.append(value[start:])
        return [part.strip() for part in parts if part.strip()]

    def canonical_multipoint_wkt(self, value):
        match = re.match(r"^(?:SRID=\d+;)?MULTIPOINT\((.*)\)$", value, re.I | re.S)
        if not match:
            return value
        points = []
        for point in self.split_wkt_parts(match.group(1)):
            point_match = re.match(r"^\((.*)\)$", point, re.S)
            points.append(point_match.group(1) if point_match else point)
        return "MULTIPOINT(" + ",".join(points) + ")"

    def canonical_multipolygon_wkt(self, value):
        match = re.match(r"^(?:SRID=\d+;)?MULTIPOLYGON\((.*)\)$", value, re.I | re.S)
        if not match:
            return value

        polygons = []
        for polygon in self.split_wkt_parts(match.group(1)):
            polygon_match = re.match(r"^\(\((.*)\)\)$", polygon)
            if not polygon_match:
                return value
            rings = polygon_match.group(1).split("),(")
            polygons.append("((" + "),(".join(self.canonical_ring(ring) for ring in rings) + "))")

        return "MULTIPOLYGON(" + ",".join(sorted(polygons)) + ")"

    def canonical_geometrycollection_wkt(self, value):
        match = re.match(r"^(?:SRID=\d+;)?GEOMETRYCOLLECTION\((.*)\)$", value, re.I | re.S)
        if not match:
            return value

        geometries = [self.canonical_geometry_wkt(part) for part in self.split_wkt_parts(match.group(1))]
        return "GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(" + ",".join(sorted(geometries)) + ")"

    def canonical_surface_wkt(self, value):
        match = re.match(
            rf"^(?:SRID=\d+;)?(POLYHEDRALSURFACE|TIN){WKT_DIMENSION_SUFFIX}\s*\((.*)\)$",
            value, re.I | re.S,
        )
        if not match:
            return value
        faces = []
        for face in self.split_wkt_parts(match.group(2)):
            face_match = re.match(r"^\(\((.*)\)\)$", face, re.S)
            if not face_match:
                return value
            polygon = self.canonical_polygon_wkt(f"POLYGON(({face_match.group(1)}))")
            if not polygon.startswith("POLYGON"):
                return value
            faces.append(polygon[len("POLYGON"):])
        return f"{match.group(1).upper()}(" + ",".join(sorted(faces)) + ")"

    def canonical_geometry_wkt(self, value):
        multipoint = self.canonical_multipoint_wkt(value)
        if multipoint != value:
            return multipoint
        polygon = self.canonical_polygon_wkt(value)
        if polygon != value:
            return polygon
        multipolygon = self.canonical_multipolygon_wkt(value)
        if multipolygon != value:
            return multipolygon
        surface = self.canonical_surface_wkt(value)
        if surface != value:
            return surface
        return self.canonical_geometrycollection_wkt(value)

    def values_equal(self, left, right):
        left_value = self.comparable_value(left)
        right_value = self.comparable_value(right)
        if left_value == right_value:
            return True
        if self.canonical_geometry_wkt(left_value) == self.canonical_geometry_wkt(right_value):
            return True
        if re.match(r"^-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?(?:[eE][+-]?\d+)?$", left_value) and re.match(
            r"^-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?(?:[eE][+-]?\d+)?$", right_value
        ):
            return abs(float(left_value) - float(right_value)) <= VALUE_TOLERANCE
        return False

    def normalized_header_name(self, value):
        return re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9]+", "_", (value or "").strip().lower()).strip("_")

    def cluster_column_index(self, headers):
        for index, header in enumerate(headers or []):
            if self.normalized_header_name(header) in CLUSTER_COLUMN_NAMES:
                return index
        return None

    def marker_scale_column_index(self, headers):
        for index, header in enumerate(headers or []):
            if self.normalized_header_name(header) == MARKER_SCALE_COLUMN_NAME:
                return index
        return None

    def label_companion_column_index(self, headers, excluded_indexes=None):
        excluded_indexes = set(excluded_indexes or ())
        for index, header in enumerate(headers or []):
            if index in excluded_indexes:
                continue
            if self.normalized_header_name(header) in LABEL_COLUMN_NAMES:
                return index
        return None

    def scalar_companion_value(self, row, index):
        if index is None or index >= len(row):
            return None
        value = row[index]
        if value is None:
            return None
        text = str(value).strip()
        return text or None

    def marker_scale_value(self, value):
        if value is None or not re.match(rf"^{NUMBER_PATTERN}$", value):
            return None
        return max(0.25, min(float(value), 6.0))

    def marker_density_scale(self, total_points, source_point_count):
        density = max(int(total_points or 0), int(source_point_count or 0))
        if density <= 16:
            return 1.0
        if density <= 64:
            return 0.55
        if density <= 256:
            return 0.62
        return 0.48

    def display_label(self, label):
        return re.sub(r"\s+", " ", (label or "").strip().replace("_", " "))

    def grouped_geometry_label(self, header, value, detail=None):
        header_label = self.display_label(header)
        label = f"{header_label} {value}".strip()
        if detail:
            return f"{label}: {detail}" if label else detail
        return label

    def rows_equal(self, left, right):
        if len(left) == 1 and len(left[0]) == 1 and len(right) > 1:
            if all(len(row) == 1 for row in right):
                actual = left[0][0]
                if self.values_equal(actual, "".join(row[0] for row in right)):
                    return True
                if self.values_equal(actual, " ".join(row[0] for row in right)):
                    return True

        if len(left) != len(right):
            return False
        for left_row, right_row in zip(left, right):
            if len(left_row) != len(right_row):
                return False
            for left_value, right_value in zip(left_row, right_row):
                if not self.values_equal(left_value, right_value):
                    return False
        return True

    def version_rows_equal(self, actual, expected):
        if len(actual) != len(expected):
            return False
        for actual_row, expected_row in zip(actual, expected):
            if len(actual_row) != len(expected_row):
                return False
        return True

    def catalog_rows_equal(self, actual, expected):
        if not expected:
            return False
        if not actual:
            return True
        expected_width = len(expected[0])
        return all(len(row) == expected_width for row in actual)

    def rows_to_string(self, rows):
        return "\n".join(" | ".join(row) for row in rows)

    def parse_example_node(self, node):
        text = self.node_text(node)
        screen = self.following_screen(node)
        if screen is not None:
            return self.parse_adjacent_example(text, self.node_text(screen))
        return None, None

    def quoted_ranges(self, text):
        ranges = []
        index = 0
        while index < len(text):
            if text.startswith("--", index):
                newline = text.find("\n", index + 2)
                index = len(text) if newline < 0 else newline + 1
                continue
            if text.startswith("/*", index):
                closing = text.find("*/", index + 2)
                index = len(text) if closing < 0 else closing + 2
                continue
            if text[index] == "$":
                delimiter = re.match(r"\$(?:[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)?\$", text[index:])
                if delimiter:
                    token = delimiter.group(0)
                    start = index + len(token)
                    closing = text.find(token, start)
                    if closing < 0:
                        break
                    ranges.append((start, closing))
                    index = closing + len(token)
                    continue
            if text[index] != "'":
                if text[index] == '"':
                    start = index + 1
                    index += 1
                    while index < len(text):
                        if text[index] != '"':
                            index += 1
                            continue
                        if index + 1 < len(text) and text[index + 1] == '"':
                            index += 2
                            continue
                        ranges.append((start, index))
                        index += 1
                        break
                    continue
                index += 1
                continue
            start = index + 1
            index += 1
            while index < len(text):
                if text[index] != "'":
                    index += 1
                    continue
                if index + 1 < len(text) and text[index + 1] == "'":
                    index += 2
                    continue
                ranges.append((start, index))
                index += 1
                break
        return ranges

    def closing_parenthesis(self, text, opening):
        depth = 0
        for index in range(opening, len(text)):
            if text[index] == "(":
                depth += 1
            elif text[index] == ")":
                depth -= 1
                if depth == 0:
                    return index
        return -1

    def geometry_candidate_matches(self, text, quoted_only=False):
        quoted = self.quoted_ranges(text) if quoted_only else []
        candidates = []
        cursor = 0
        while True:
            match = WKT_START_RE.search(text, cursor)
            if not match:
                break
            if match.start() and re.match(r"[A-Za-z0-9_]", text[match.start() - 1]):
                cursor = match.end()
                continue
            opening = text.find("(", match.start())
            closing = self.closing_parenthesis(text, opening)
            if closing < 0:
                raise RuntimeError(f"Unclosed geometry candidate near: {text[match.start():match.start() + 80]}")
            cursor = closing + 1
            if closing + 1 < len(text) and re.match(r"[A-Za-z0-9_]", text[closing + 1]):
                continue
            if quoted_only and not any(match.start() >= start and closing + 1 <= end for start, end in quoted):
                continue
            candidate = text[match.start():closing + 1].replace("''", "'")
            candidates.append({"start": match.start(), "end": closing + 1, "wkt": candidate})
        return candidates

    def geometry_candidates(self, text, quoted_only=False):
        return [match["wkt"] for match in self.geometry_candidate_matches(text, quoted_only)]

    def code_geometry_candidates(self, text):
        candidates = self.geometry_candidate_matches(text, quoted_only=True)
        for candidate in candidates:
            alias = re.match(
                r'\s*\'\s*::\s*(?:geometry|geography)\s+(?:AS\s+)?'
                r'("(?:""|[^"])+"|[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)',
                text[candidate["end"]:],
                re.I,
            )
            if alias:
                label = alias.group(1)
                candidate["label"] = (
                    label[1:-1].replace('""', '"') if label.startswith('"') else label
                )
        for match in MAKE_ENVELOPE_RE.finditer(text):
            min_x, min_y, max_x, max_y = match.group(1, 2, 3, 4)
            wkt = (
                f"POLYGON(({min_x} {min_y},{max_x} {min_y},{max_x} {max_y},"
                f"{min_x} {max_y},{min_x} {min_y}))"
            )
            if match.group(5) is not None:
                wkt = f"SRID={match.group(5)};{wkt}"
            candidates.append({
                "start": match.start(), "end": match.end(), "wkt": wkt, "label": "Envelope",
            })
        for match in POINT_CONSTRUCTOR_RE.finditer(text):
            candidates.append({
                "start": match.start(),
                "end": match.end(),
                "wkt": f"POINT({match.group(1)} {match.group(2)})",
                "label": "Point",
            })
        return sorted(candidates, key=lambda candidate: candidate["start"])

    def query_output_headers(self, query):
        """Return explicit aliases from the outer SELECT list.

        Documented-only visual examples are not executed because their result
        ordering is intentionally unstable.  Their SQL aliases still carry the
        same input/output layer semantics as executed examples, so retain those
        aliases without introducing a SQL parser dependency.
        """
        masked = list(query)
        for start, end in self.quoted_ranges(query):
            masked[start:end] = " " * (end - start)
        masked_text = "".join(masked)
        masked_text = re.sub(r"--[^\n]*|/\*.*?\*/", lambda match: " " * len(match.group(0)), masked_text, flags=re.S)

        depth = 0
        select_start = None
        from_start = None
        index = 0
        while index < len(masked_text):
            char = masked_text[index]
            if char == "(":
                depth += 1
            elif char == ")":
                depth = max(0, depth - 1)
            elif depth == 0:
                token = re.match(r"(?i)(SELECT|FROM)\b", masked_text[index:])
                if token and (index == 0 or not re.match(r"[A-Za-z0-9_]", masked_text[index - 1])):
                    if token.group(1).upper() == "SELECT":
                        select_start = index + len(token.group(0))
                        from_start = None
                    elif select_start is not None:
                        from_start = index
                        break
                    index += len(token.group(0))
                    continue
            index += 1
        if select_start is None:
            return []
        select_end = from_start if from_start is not None else len(query)

        items = []
        item_start = select_start
        depth = 0
        for index in range(select_start, select_end):
            char = masked_text[index]
            if char == "(":
                depth += 1
            elif char == ")":
                depth = max(0, depth - 1)
            elif char == "," and depth == 0:
                items.append(query[item_start:index])
                item_start = index + 1
        items.append(query[item_start:select_end])

        headers = []
        for item in items:
            alias = re.search(r'(?i)\bAS\s+("(?:""|[^"])+"|[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\s*;?\s*$', item)
            header = alias.group(1) if alias else ""
            if header.startswith('"'):
                header = header[1:-1].replace('""', '"')
            headers.append(header)
        return headers

    def query_is_auto_safe(self, query):
        if query is None:
            return False
        if not re.search(r"^\s*(?:--[^\n]*\n\s*)*(?:SELECT|WITH)\b", query, re.I):
            return False
        return query.count(";") <= 1

    def query_is_version_example(self, query):
        return query is not None and bool(VERSION_FUNCTION_RE.search(query))

    def query_is_catalog_example(self, query):
        return query is not None and bool(CATALOG_QUERY_RE.search(query))

    def expected_rows_are_auto_safe(self, expected):
        if not expected:
            return False
        for row in expected:
            for value in row:
                if re.search(r"\b(?:SELECT|WITH)\b", value, re.I):
                    return False
                if (
                    "..." in value
                    or re.search(r"\.\.(?:[),]|\s*$)", value)
                    or re.search(r"(?:AD INFINITUM|NOTICE:|ERROR:)", value, re.I)
                ):
                    return False
        return True

    def example_for_node(self, node):
        text = self.node_text(node)
        screen = self.following_screen(node)
        forced = self.has_role(node, FORCE_ROLE)
        # Layout roles are also explicit author requests for a generated figure.
        # This matters for documented-only examples whose output is intentionally
        # not executed because it can vary between dependency versions.
        explicit_visual = screen is not None and any(
            self.has_role(screen, role)
            for role in (
                VISUAL_ROLE,
                VISUAL_DIRECTION_ROLE,
                VISUAL_SEPARATE_OUTPUT_ROLE,
                VISUAL_ROW_PANELS_ROLE,
                VISUAL_MATRIX_3X3_ROLE,
                VISUAL_OVERLAY_ROLE,
                VISUAL_TESSELLATION_ROLE,
            )
        )
        skip_reason = self.obvious_skip_reason(text)
        documented_output = self.has_role(node, DOCUMENTED_OUTPUT_ROLE)
        documented_only = documented_output or bool(explicit_visual and skip_reason)
        if self.has_role(node, EXTERNAL_STATE_ROLE) and not forced and not documented_only:
            return None
        if not forced:
            if not self.looks_query(text):
                return None
            if skip_reason and not documented_only:
                return None

        query, expected = self.parse_example_node(node)
        valid = query is not None and expected is not None
        if not forced and (
            not valid or not self.query_is_auto_safe(query) or not self.expected_rows_are_auto_safe(expected)
        ):
            return None

        refentry = ""
        screen_ordinal = 0
        expected_headers = self.psql_headers_from_lines(self.node_text(screen).split("\n")) if screen is not None else []
        skip_visual = self.has_role(node, VISUAL_SKIP_ROLE) or (
            screen is not None and self.has_role(screen, VISUAL_SKIP_ROLE)
        )
        visual_separate_output = screen is not None and self.has_role(
            screen, VISUAL_SEPARATE_OUTPUT_ROLE
        )
        visual_row_panels = screen is not None and self.has_role(
            screen, VISUAL_ROW_PANELS_ROLE
        )
        visual_matrix_3x3 = screen is not None and self.has_role(screen, VISUAL_MATRIX_3X3_ROLE)
        visual_overlay = screen is not None and self.has_role(screen, VISUAL_OVERLAY_ROLE)
        visual_tessellation = screen is not None and self.has_role(
            screen, VISUAL_TESSELLATION_ROLE
        )
        visual_direction = screen is not None and self.has_role(screen, VISUAL_DIRECTION_ROLE)
        visual_output_only = screen is not None and self.has_role(screen, VISUAL_OUTPUT_ONLY_ROLE)
        visual_hide_output_area_vertices = screen is not None and self.has_role(
            screen, VISUAL_HIDE_OUTPUT_AREA_VERTICES_ROLE
        )
        if visual_separate_output and visual_overlay:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"Visual example {self.source_label(node)} cannot request both "
                f"{VISUAL_SEPARATE_OUTPUT_ROLE} and {VISUAL_OVERLAY_ROLE}"
            )
        visual = None
        if screen is not None and not skip_visual:
            refentry, screen_ordinal = self.visual_location(screen)
            visual = self.visual_candidate(query, expected, explicit_visual)

        return {
            "label": self.source_label(node),
            "query": query,
            "expected": expected,
            "expected_headers": expected_headers,
            "valid": valid,
            "forced": forced,
            "version": self.query_is_version_example(query),
            "catalog": self.query_is_catalog_example(query),
            "requirements": self.merge_capability_requirements(
                self.capability_requirements(node)
                + self.inferred_capability_requirements(query)
            ),
            "documented_only": documented_only,
            "volatile": self.query_is_version_example(query) or self.query_is_catalog_example(query),
            "visual_id": self.visual_id(screen) if visual is not None else None,
            "visual_kind": visual["kind"] if visual is not None else None,
            "visual_preferred": visual["preferred"] if visual is not None else False,
            "visual_direction": visual_direction,
            "visual_hide_output_area_vertices": visual_hide_output_area_vertices,
            "visual_output_only": visual_output_only,
            "visual_separate_output": visual_separate_output,
            "visual_row_panels": visual_row_panels,
            "visual_matrix_3x3": visual_matrix_3x3,
            "visual_overlay": visual_overlay,
            "visual_tessellation": visual_tessellation,
            "geometry_output_precision": self.geometry_output_precision(screen),
            "visual_refentry": refentry,
            "visual_screen": screen_ordinal,
        }

    def examples(self):
        examples = []
        for node in self.doc.getroot().iter(f"{{{DOCBOOK_NS}}}programlisting"):
            example = self.example_for_node(node)
            if example is not None:
                examples.append(example)
        return examples

    def print_report(self):
        stats = {
            "programlisting_total": 0,
            "sql_like": 0,
            "select_or_with": 0,
            "legacy_inband_expected": 0,
            "external_context": 0,
            "placeholder_output": 0,
            "document_output": 0,
            "unstable_output": 0,
            "notice_or_error": 0,
            "cleanish_runnable_query": 0,
            "obvious_not_runnable_query": 0,
            "cleanish_legacy_inband_expected": 0,
            "obvious_bad_legacy_inband_expected": 0,
            "adjacent_programlisting_screen": 0,
            "cleanish_adjacent_expected": 0,
            "obvious_bad_adjacent_expected": 0,
            "requires_external_state": 0,
            "auto_example_tests": 0,
            "forced_example_tests": 0,
            "volatile_version_tests": 0,
        }

        for node in self.doc.getroot().iter(f"{{{DOCBOOK_NS}}}programlisting"):
            text = self.node_text(node)
            stats["programlisting_total"] += 1
            if self.has_role(node, EXTERNAL_STATE_ROLE):
                stats["requires_external_state"] += 1
            if self.looks_sql(text):
                stats["sql_like"] += 1
            if not self.looks_query(text):
                continue
            stats["select_or_with"] += 1

            reason = self.obvious_skip_reason(text)
            if reason == "external-context":
                stats["external_context"] += 1
            if reason == "placeholder-output":
                stats["placeholder_output"] += 1
            if reason == "document-output":
                stats["document_output"] += 1
            if reason == "unstable-output":
                stats["unstable_output"] += 1
            if reason == "notice-or-error":
                stats["notice_or_error"] += 1

            if reason:
                stats["obvious_not_runnable_query"] += 1
            else:
                stats["cleanish_runnable_query"] += 1

            if self.has_legacy_inband_expected(text):
                stats["legacy_inband_expected"] += 1
                if reason:
                    stats["obvious_bad_legacy_inband_expected"] += 1
                else:
                    stats["cleanish_legacy_inband_expected"] += 1

            screen = self.following_screen(node)
            if screen is not None:
                stats["adjacent_programlisting_screen"] += 1
                screen_text = self.node_text(screen)
                bad_screen = re.search(r"\.\.\.|NOTICE:|ERROR:", screen_text, re.I)
                if reason or bad_screen:
                    stats["obvious_bad_adjacent_expected"] += 1
                else:
                    stats["cleanish_adjacent_expected"] += 1

        examples = self.examples()
        stats["auto_example_tests"] = len([example for example in examples if not example["forced"]])
        stats["forced_example_tests"] = len([example for example in examples if example["forced"]])
        stats["volatile_version_tests"] = len([example for example in examples if example["volatile"]])
        visual_kinds = {
            kind: len([example for example in examples if example["visual_kind"] == kind])
            for kind in ("explicit", "geometry-output", "input-context")
        }
        stats["visual_examples"] = sum(visual_kinds.values())
        stats["visual_explicit"] = visual_kinds["explicit"]
        stats["visual_geometry_output"] = visual_kinds["geometry-output"]
        stats["visual_input_context"] = visual_kinds["input-context"]
        stats["example_tests"] = len(examples)
        stats["parseable_example_tests"] = len([example for example in examples if example["valid"]])
        invalid_tests = stats["example_tests"] - stats["parseable_example_tests"]
        skipped_query_candidates = stats["select_or_with"] - stats["example_tests"]
        if invalid_tests:
            status = f"ERROR: {invalid_tests} selected example test(s) could not be parsed."
        elif stats["example_tests"] == 0:
            status = "WARNING: no manual example tests were selected."
        else:
            status = "OK: selected manual example tests are parseable."

        print("Manual example test report")
        print(f"Status: {status}")
        print("")
        print("Selected tests:")
        print(f"  {stats['example_tests']} total examples selected for --run")
        print(f"  {stats['parseable_example_tests']} parseable examples")
        print(f"  {stats['volatile_version_tests']} version/catalog examples checked with relaxed comparison")
        print(f"  {stats['forced_example_tests']} forced by role=\"{FORCE_ROLE}\"")
        print(f"  {stats['visual_examples']} useful geometry figures selected at build time")
        print(f"    {stats['visual_geometry_output']} geometry outputs")
        print(f"    {stats['visual_input_context']} input-context figures with textual output")
        print(f"    {stats['visual_explicit']} explicit role=\"{VISUAL_ROLE}\" overrides")
        print("")
        print("Skipped by design:")
        print(f"  {stats['requires_external_state']} marked role=\"{EXTERNAL_STATE_ROLE}\"")
        print(f"  {skipped_query_candidates} SELECT/WITH program listings not selected")
        print(f"  {stats['external_context']} need tables, files, topology state, or other external context")
        print(f"  {stats['placeholder_output']} have placeholder output")
        print(f"  {stats['unstable_output']} have intentionally unstable output")
        print(f"  {stats['notice_or_error']} show NOTICE/ERROR output")
        print("")
        print("Document scan:")
        print(f"  {stats['programlisting_total']} programlisting blocks")
        print(f"  {stats['sql_like']} SQL-like blocks")
        print(f"  {stats['select_or_with']} SELECT/WITH query blocks")
        print(f"  {stats['adjacent_programlisting_screen']} query blocks with adjacent <screen> output")
        print("")
        print("Raw counters:")

        for key in sorted(stats):
            print(f"{key}={stats[key]}")

    def run_psql_query(self, database, query):
        cmd = ["psql", "-X", "-v", "ON_ERROR_STOP=1", "-P", "null=null", "-d", database, "-c", query]
        try:
            result = subprocess.run(
                cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, encoding="utf-8",
                env=self.psql_environment(), timeout=self.psql_subprocess_timeout(),
            )
        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired as exc:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"psql timed out after {exc.timeout:g}s for query:\n{query}"
            ) from exc
        if result.returncode != 0:
            raise RuntimeError(f"psql failed for query:\n{query}\n{result.stdout}{result.stderr}")
        lines = result.stdout.split("\n")
        return QueryRows(
            self.expected_rows_from_psql_lines(lines),
            self.psql_headers_from_lines(lines),
        )

    def psql_environment(self):
        env = os.environ.copy()
        options = env.get("PGOPTIONS", "").strip()
        settings = []
        if "postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers" not in options:
            settings.extend(["-c", "postgis.gdal_enabled_drivers=PNG"])
        if "statement_timeout" not in options:
            timeout = env.get("POSTGIS_EXAMPLETEST_STATEMENT_TIMEOUT", "60s")
            settings.extend(["-c", f"statement_timeout={timeout}"])
        if settings:
            options = f"{options} {' '.join(settings)}".strip()
        env["PGOPTIONS"] = options
        return env

    def duration_seconds(self, value):
        match = re.fullmatch(r"\s*(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)(ms|s|min)?\s*", value or "")
        if not match:
            return None
        duration = float(match.group(1))
        unit = match.group(2) or "s"
        if unit == "ms":
            return duration / 1000.0
        if unit == "min":
            return duration * 60.0
        return duration

    def psql_subprocess_timeout(self):
        override = os.environ.get("POSTGIS_EXAMPLETEST_SUBPROCESS_TIMEOUT")
        if override is not None:
            if override.strip().lower() in {"0", "off", "none"}:
                return None
            return self.duration_seconds(override)
        statement_timeout = os.environ.get("POSTGIS_EXAMPLETEST_STATEMENT_TIMEOUT", "60s")
        seconds = self.duration_seconds(statement_timeout)
        if seconds is None:
            return None
        return seconds + 15.0

    def query_output_types(self, database, query):
        query = re.sub(r";\s*$", "", query.strip())
        cmd = [
            "psql", "-X", "-A", "-t", "-F", "\t", "-P", "footer=off",
            "-v", "ON_ERROR_STOP=1", "-d", database,
        ]
        try:
            result = subprocess.run(
                cmd, input=f"{query}\n\\gdesc\n", capture_output=True, text=True,
                encoding="utf-8", env=self.psql_environment(),
                timeout=self.psql_subprocess_timeout(),
            )
        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired as exc:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"psql timed out after {exc.timeout:g}s while describing a visual example:\n{query}"
            ) from exc
        if result.returncode != 0:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"psql failed while describing a visual example:\n{query}\n"
                f"{result.stdout}{result.stderr}"
            )
        return [
            line.rsplit("\t", 1)[1].strip().lower()
            for line in result.stdout.splitlines()
            if "\t" in line
        ]

    def bytea_image(self, value):
        if not isinstance(value, str) or not value.startswith("\\x"):
            return None
        try:
            raw = bytes.fromhex(value[2:])
        except ValueError:
            return None
        if raw.startswith(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n") and len(raw) >= 24:
            width = int.from_bytes(raw[16:20], "big")
            height = int.from_bytes(raw[20:24], "big")
            return {
                "format": "PNG", "media_type": "image/png", "width": width,
                "height": height, "data": base64.b64encode(raw).decode("ascii"),
            }
        return None

    def prepare_visual_rows(self, actual, types):
        if not actual:
            return QueryRows(actual, getattr(actual, "headers", []), types)
        actual = self.coalesce_single_column_wkt_rows(actual)
        width = max((len(row) for row in actual), default=0)
        if len(types) != width:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"Visual query returned {width} columns but psql described {len(types)}"
            )
        headers = getattr(actual, "headers", [])
        rows = []
        visuals = []
        for row_index, row in enumerate(actual, 1):
            row_label = next((
                value.strip() for column_index, value in enumerate(row)
                if types[column_index] != "bytea"
                and isinstance(value, str) and 0 < len(value.strip()) <= 80
                and not self.geometry_type(value)
            ), "")
            display_row = []
            for column_index, value in enumerate(row):
                image = self.bytea_image(value) if types[column_index] == "bytea" else None
                if image is None:
                    display_row.append(value)
                    continue
                header = headers[column_index] if column_index < len(headers) else ""
                source = "Code" if header.lower().startswith("input_") else "Output"
                label = header[len("input_"):] if source == "Code" else header
                label = self.display_label(label)
                row_labeled = False
                if not label or label.lower() in {"?column?", "image", "st_aspng"}:
                    label = self.display_label(row_label) or source
                    row_labeled = bool(row_label)
                if len(actual) > 1 and not row_labeled:
                    label = f"{label} {row_index}"
                image.update({
                    "source": source, "label": label, "row": row_index,
                    "column": column_index + 1,
                })
                visuals.append(image)
                display_row.append(
                    f"{image['format']} image, {image['width']} x {image['height']} pixels"
                )
            rows.append(display_row)
        return QueryRows(rows, headers, types, visuals)

    def coalesce_single_column_wkt_rows(self, rows):
        if not (
            len(rows) > 1
            and all(len(row) == 1 and isinstance(row[0], str) for row in rows)
        ):
            return rows
        for candidate in (
            "".join(row[0] for row in rows),
            " ".join(row[0] for row in rows),
            "\n".join(row[0] for row in rows),
        ):
            value = candidate.strip()
            if not WKT_VALUE_RE.match(value):
                continue
            try:
                matches = self.geometry_candidates(value)
            except RuntimeError:
                continue
            if len(matches) == 1 and matches[0].strip() == value:
                return QueryRows(
                    [[value]],
                    getattr(rows, "headers", []),
                    getattr(rows, "types", []),
                    getattr(rows, "visuals", []),
                )
        return rows

    def typed_rows_equal(self, database, actual, expected, expected_wkt_digits=None):
        if len(actual) == 1 and len(actual[0]) == 1:
            expected = self.coalesce_single_column_wkt_rows(expected)
        if len(actual) != len(expected) or any(
            len(actual_row) != len(expected_row)
            for actual_row, expected_row in zip(actual, expected)
        ):
            return False
        for actual_row, expected_row in zip(actual, expected):
            for column, (actual_value, expected_value) in enumerate(zip(actual_row, expected_row)):
                output_type = actual.types[column] if column < len(actual.types) else ""
                actual_hex = self.geometry_output_hex(actual_value, output_type)
                expected_hex = self.geometry_output_hex(expected_value, output_type)
                actual_wkt = (
                    actual_value.strip()
                    if isinstance(actual_value, str) and WKT_VALUE_RE.match(actual_value)
                    else None
                )
                expected_wkt = (
                    expected_value.strip()
                    if isinstance(expected_value, str) and WKT_VALUE_RE.match(expected_value)
                    else None
                )
                if actual_hex is not None or expected_hex is not None:
                    if actual_hex is None or (expected_hex is None and expected_wkt is None):
                        return False
                    documented_digits = (
                        expected_wkt_digits
                        if expected_wkt_digits is not None else
                        self.documented_wkt_decimal_digits(expected_wkt)
                        if expected_wkt is not None else VALUE_DECIMAL_DIGITS
                    )
                    if (
                        expected_hex is None
                        and expected_wkt is not None
                        and expected_wkt_digits is None
                        and 0 < documented_digits < VALUE_DECIMAL_DIGITS
                    ):
                        geom = (
                            "ST_GeomFromEWKB(decode("
                            f"'{actual_hex['hexwkb']}', 'hex'))"
                        )
                        if self.documented_wkt_uses_explicit_z_token(expected_wkt):
                            formatter = (
                                f"CASE WHEN ST_SRID({geom}) = 0 "
                                f"THEN ST_AsText({geom}, {documented_digits}) "
                                f"ELSE 'SRID=' || ST_SRID({geom}) || ';' || "
                                f"ST_AsText({geom}, {documented_digits}) END"
                            )
                        else:
                            formatter = f"ST_AsEWKT({geom}, {documented_digits})"
                        actual_text = self.run_psql_scalar(
                            database,
                            f"SELECT {formatter}",
                        )
                        if not re.match(r"^\s*SRID\s*=", expected_wkt, re.I):
                            actual_text = re.sub(r"^\s*SRID\s*=\s*\d+\s*;\s*", "", actual_text, flags=re.I)
                        if not self.values_equal(actual_text, expected_wkt):
                            return False
                        continue
                    query = self.geometry_comparison_query(
                        actual_hex["hexwkb"],
                        expected_hex["hexwkb"] if expected_hex is not None else None,
                        expected_wkt,
                        actual_hex["type"],
                        expected_wkt_digits,
                    )
                    if self.run_psql_scalar(database, query) != "t":
                        return False
                elif actual_wkt is not None or expected_wkt is not None:
                    if actual_wkt is None or expected_wkt is None:
                        return False
                    if not self.values_equal(actual_wkt, expected_wkt):
                        return False
                elif not self.values_equal(actual_value, expected_value):
                    return False
        return True

    def run_examples(self, database, keep_going=False, render_dir=None, visual_only=False, jobs=1):
        all_examples = self.examples()
        required_capabilities = {
            requirement["name"]
            for example in all_examples
            for requirement in example.get("requirements", [])
        }
        capabilities = self.runtime_capabilities(database, required_capabilities)
        unavailable_examples = [
            example for example in all_examples
            if not self.requirements_satisfied(example.get("requirements", []), capabilities)
        ]
        documented_visuals = [
            example for example in all_examples
            if example.get("documented_only") and example["visual_id"]
        ]
        examples = [
            example for example in all_examples
            if not example.get("documented_only") and example not in unavailable_examples
        ]
        if visual_only:
            examples = [example for example in examples if example["visual_id"]]
        else:
            self.check_environment(database)
        failures = []
        ran = 0
        visuals = []

        def render_documented_visuals():
            rendered = []
            for example in documented_visuals:
                rows = QueryRows(
                    example["expected"],
                    example.get("expected_headers", []),
                    self.documented_visual_types(example["expected"]),
                )
                try:
                    visual = self.render_visual_example(database, example, rows)
                except RuntimeError as exc:
                    raise RuntimeError(
                        "Documented visual failed to render: "
                        f"{example['label']} ({example['visual_id']})\n{exc}"
                    ) from exc
                if visual is not None:
                    rendered.append(visual)
            return rendered

        if visual_only and jobs > 1:
            def run_visual(example):
                try:
                    actual = self.run_one_example(database, example)
                    return {
                        "label": example["label"],
                        "visual": self.render_visual_example(database, example, actual),
                    }
                except RuntimeError as exc:
                    if not keep_going:
                        raise
                    return {
                        "label": example["label"],
                        "failure": str(exc),
                    }

            completed = 0
            with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=jobs) as pool:
                futures = [pool.submit(run_visual, example) for example in examples]
                for future in as_completed(futures):
                    result = future.result()
                    completed += 1
                    if result.get("failure"):
                        print(
                            f"Example test failed to run: {result['label']}\n"
                            f"{result['failure']}",
                            file=sys.stderr,
                            flush=True,
                        )
                        failures.append(result["label"])
                        continue
                    visual = result.get("visual")
                    if visual is not None:
                        visuals.append(visual)
                    ran += 1
                    if completed == len(futures) or completed % 50 == 0:
                        print(
                            f"manual visual examples processed: {completed}/{len(futures)}",
                            file=sys.stderr,
                            flush=True,
                        )
            if failures:
                raise RuntimeError(f"FAILED {len(failures)} example(s): {', '.join(failures)}")
            if render_dir:
                visuals.extend(render_documented_visuals())
            if render_dir:
                self.publish_visual_examples(render_dir, visuals)
            print(f"manual example tests passed: {ran}")
            if unavailable_examples:
                print(f"manual examples skipped for unavailable capabilities: {len(unavailable_examples)}")
            if render_dir:
                print(f"visual examples rendered: {len(visuals)}")
            return

        for example in examples:
            try:
                actual = self.run_one_example(database, example)
                visual = self.render_visual_example(database, example, actual) if example["visual_id"] else None
            except RuntimeError as exc:
                if not keep_going:
                    raise
                print(exc, file=sys.stderr)
                failures.append(example["label"])
                continue
            ran += 1
            if visual:
                visuals.append(visual)

        if failures:
            raise RuntimeError(f"FAILED {len(failures)} example(s): {', '.join(failures)}")

        if render_dir:
            visuals.extend(render_documented_visuals())
            self.publish_visual_examples(render_dir, visuals)

        print(f"manual example tests passed: {ran}")
        if unavailable_examples:
            print(f"manual examples skipped for unavailable capabilities: {len(unavailable_examples)}")
        if render_dir:
            print(f"visual examples rendered: {len(visuals)}")

    def run_one_example(self, database, example):
        if not example["valid"]:
            raise RuntimeError(f"Could not parse manual example test at {example['label']}")

        try:
            actual = self.run_psql_query(database, example["query"])
            if example.get("visual_kind") == "explicit" or (
                (
                    self.expected_has_hexwkb(example["expected"])
                    or self.expected_has_geometry_text(example["expected"])
                )
            ):
                actual = self.prepare_visual_rows(
                    actual, self.query_output_types(database, example["query"])
                )
        except RuntimeError as exc:
            raise RuntimeError(f"Example test failed to run: {example['label']}\n{exc}") from exc

        if example["catalog"]:
            equal = self.catalog_rows_equal(actual, example["expected"])
        elif example["version"]:
            equal = self.version_rows_equal(actual, example["expected"])
        elif (
            any(GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_TYPE_RE.fullmatch(output_type or "") for output_type in getattr(actual, "types", []))
            and (
                self.expected_has_hexwkb(example["expected"])
                or self.expected_has_geometry_text(example["expected"])
            )
        ):
            equal = self.typed_rows_equal(
                database,
                actual,
                example["expected"],
                example.get("geometry_output_precision"),
            )
        else:
            equal = self.rows_equal(actual, example["expected"])
        if not equal:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"Example test failed: {example['label']}\n"
                f"Query:\n{example['query']}\n"
                f"Expected:\n{self.rows_to_string(example['expected'])}\n"
                f"Actual:\n{self.rows_to_string(actual)}"
            )
        return actual

    def run_psql_scalar(self, database, query):
        cmd = ["psql", "-X", "-A", "-t", "-v", "ON_ERROR_STOP=1", "-d", database]
        try:
            result = subprocess.run(
                cmd, input=f"{query}\n", capture_output=True, text=True, encoding="utf-8",
                env=self.psql_environment(), timeout=self.psql_subprocess_timeout(),
            )
        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired as exc:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"psql timed out after {exc.timeout:g}s while rendering a visual example"
            ) from exc
        if result.returncode != 0:
            raise RuntimeError(f"psql failed while rendering a visual example:\n{result.stdout}{result.stderr}")
        return result.stdout.strip()

    def visual_payload(self, database, layers):
        encoded = base64.b64encode(
            json.dumps(layers, ensure_ascii=False, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
        ).decode("ascii")
        query = f"""
WITH RECURSIVE raw AS (
  SELECT ord, source, label, row_num, column_num, requested_frame, wkt, hexwkb,
    source_point_count, total_points, marker_scale
  FROM jsonb_to_recordset(
    convert_from(decode('{encoded}', 'base64'), 'UTF8')::jsonb
  ) AS item(ord integer, source text, label text, row_num integer, column_num integer,
            requested_frame text, wkt text, hexwkb text, source_point_count integer,
            total_points integer, marker_scale double precision)
), parsed_all AS (
  SELECT ord, source, label, row_num, column_num, requested_frame,
    source_point_count, total_points, marker_scale, hexwkb,
    CASE WHEN hexwkb IS NOT NULL
      THEN ST_GeomFromEWKB(decode(hexwkb, 'hex'))
      ELSE ST_GeomFromEWKT(wkt)
    END AS geom
  FROM raw
), parsed_raw AS (
  SELECT ord, source, label, row_num, column_num, requested_frame,
    source_point_count, total_points, marker_scale, geom
  FROM parsed_all
), source_dimensions AS (
  SELECT source, max(ST_Dimension(geom)) AS dimension
  FROM parsed_raw
  GROUP BY source
), frame_policy AS (
  SELECT
    EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM parsed_raw WHERE source = 'Code')
    AND EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM parsed_raw WHERE source = 'Output')
    AND (
      (SELECT dimension FROM source_dimensions WHERE source = 'Code') =
        (SELECT dimension FROM source_dimensions WHERE source = 'Output')
      OR (SELECT count(DISTINCT ST_SRID(geom)) FROM parsed_raw) > 1
    ) AS separate_sources,
    (SELECT count(DISTINCT ST_SRID(geom)) FROM parsed_raw) = 1 AS shared_coordinate_space
  FROM parsed_raw
  LIMIT 1
), framed AS (
  SELECT ord, source, label, row_num, column_num, source_point_count, total_points,
    marker_scale, geom, shared_coordinate_space,
    COALESCE(requested_frame,
      CASE WHEN separate_sources THEN source ELSE 'Overlay' END) AS frame
  FROM parsed_raw CROSS JOIN frame_policy
), frame_bounds_raw AS (
  SELECT frame, min(ord) AS first_ord,
    CASE WHEN bool_and(shared_coordinate_space)
      THEN (SELECT ST_Extent(ST_Force2D(all_geometries.geom)) FROM framed AS all_geometries)
      ELSE ST_Extent(ST_Force2D(geom))
    END AS box,
    CASE WHEN count(DISTINCT ST_SRID(geom)) = 1 THEN max(ST_SRID(geom)) ELSE 0 END AS srid
  FROM framed
  GROUP BY frame
), frame_bounds AS (
  SELECT frame, first_ord, srid,
    ST_XMin(box) AS min_x, ST_YMin(box) AS min_y,
    ST_XMax(box) - ST_XMin(box) AS width,
    ST_YMax(box) - ST_YMin(box) AS height
  FROM frame_bounds_raw
  WHERE box IS NOT NULL
), geometry_tree AS (
  SELECT ord, source, label, row_num, column_num, frame,
    source_point_count,
    COALESCE(total_points, ST_NPoints(framed.geom)) AS total_points,
    marker_scale,
    upper(substring(ST_GeometryType(framed.geom) from 4)) AS root_type,
    ARRAY[]::integer[] AS part_path,
    ST_GeometryType(framed.geom) AS part_type,
    framed.geom
  FROM framed
  UNION ALL
  SELECT parent.ord, parent.source, parent.label, parent.row_num,
    parent.column_num, parent.frame, parent.source_point_count,
    parent.total_points, parent.marker_scale, parent.root_type,
    parent.part_path || child.path AS part_path,
    ST_GeometryType(child.geom) AS part_type, child.geom
  FROM geometry_tree AS parent
  -- ST_Dump exposes native solid faces, but turns CurvePolygon surfaces into rings.
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
    SELECT dumped.path, dumped.geom
    FROM ST_Dump(parent.geom) AS dumped
    WHERE parent.part_type IN ('ST_PolyhedralSurface', 'ST_Tin')
    UNION ALL
    SELECT ARRAY[part_num.n], ST_GeometryN(parent.geom, part_num.n)
    FROM generate_series(1, ST_NumGeometries(parent.geom)) AS part_num(n)
    WHERE parent.part_type IN (
      'ST_GeometryCollection', 'ST_MultiPoint', 'ST_MultiLineString',
      'ST_MultiPolygon', 'ST_MultiCurve', 'ST_MultiSurface'
    )
  ) AS child
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty(child.geom)
), parts AS (
  SELECT ord, source, label, row_num, column_num, frame,
    source_point_count, total_points, marker_scale, root_type, part_path, geom
  FROM geometry_tree
  WHERE part_type NOT IN (
    'ST_GeometryCollection', 'ST_MultiPoint', 'ST_MultiLineString',
    'ST_MultiPolygon', 'ST_MultiCurve', 'ST_MultiSurface',
    'ST_PolyhedralSurface', 'ST_Tin'
  )
  AND NOT ST_IsEmpty(geom)
), translated_parts AS (
  SELECT ord, source, label, row_num, column_num, parts.frame, source_point_count,
    total_points, marker_scale, root_type, part_path,
    geom AS raw_geom,
    ST_Translate(geom, -min_x, -min_y) AS geom
  FROM parts JOIN frame_bounds USING (frame)
), render_parts AS (
  SELECT *,
    geom AS render_geom
  FROM translated_parts
)
SELECT json_build_object(
  'frames', (
    SELECT json_agg(json_build_object(
      'id', frame,
      'label', CASE WHEN srid > 0 THEN frame || ' (SRID ' || srid || ')' ELSE frame END,
      'bounds', json_build_array(0, 0, width, height)
    ) ORDER BY first_ord)
    FROM frame_bounds
  ),
  'parts', (
    SELECT json_agg(json_build_object(
      'ord', ord, 'source', source, 'label', label,
      'row', row_num, 'column', column_num, 'frame', frame,
      'root_type', root_type, 'source_point_count', source_point_count,
      'total_points', total_points, 'marker_scale', marker_scale,
      'type', upper(substring(ST_GeometryType(geom) from 4)),
      'svg', CASE
        WHEN ST_Dimension(render_geom) = 0 THEN NULL
        ELSE ST_AsSVG(ST_Force2D(render_geom), 0, 12)
      END,
      'dimension', ST_Dimension(geom), 'srid', ST_SRID(geom),
      'x', CASE WHEN ST_GeometryType(geom) = 'ST_Point' THEN ST_X(geom) END,
      'y', CASE WHEN ST_GeometryType(geom) = 'ST_Point' THEN -ST_Y(geom) END,
      'points', CASE
        WHEN ST_Dimension(render_geom) = 0
        THEN (
          SELECT json_agg(json_build_array(ST_X(point.geom), -ST_Y(point.geom)))
          FROM ST_DumpPoints(render_geom) AS point
        )
      END,
      'closed', CASE
        WHEN ST_GeometryType(geom) IN ('ST_LineString', 'ST_CircularString', 'ST_CompoundCurve')
          THEN ST_IsClosed(geom)
      END,
      'vertices', CASE
        WHEN root_type IN ('LINESTRING', 'POLYGON', 'TRIANGLE')
          AND total_points <= 64
        THEN (
          SELECT json_agg(json_build_array(ST_X(vertex.geom), -ST_Y(vertex.geom)))
          FROM ST_DumpPoints(geom) AS vertex
        )
      END,
      'direction_paths', CASE
        WHEN ST_GeometryType(render_geom) IN ('ST_Polygon', 'ST_Triangle')
          AND total_points <= 128
        THEN (
          SELECT json_agg(points ORDER BY ring_num)
          FROM (
            SELECT COALESCE(vertex.path[1], 1) AS ring_num,
              json_agg(
                json_build_array(ST_X(vertex.geom), -ST_Y(vertex.geom))
                ORDER BY vertex.path
              ) AS points
            FROM ST_DumpPoints(render_geom) AS vertex
            GROUP BY COALESCE(vertex.path[1], 1)
          ) AS rings
        )
      END,
      'has_z', ST_Zmflag(raw_geom) IN (2, 3),
      'points_xyz', CASE
        WHEN ST_GeometryType(raw_geom) IN (
          'ST_Point', 'ST_LineString', 'ST_Polygon', 'ST_CurvePolygon',
          'ST_Triangle', 'ST_Tin', 'ST_PolyhedralSurface'
        )
        THEN (
          SELECT json_agg(
            json_build_object(
              'path', array_to_json(vertex3d.path),
              'point', json_build_array(
                ST_X(vertex3d.geom), ST_Y(vertex3d.geom),
                COALESCE(ST_Z(vertex3d.geom), 0)
              )
            ) ORDER BY vertex3d.path
          )
          FROM ST_DumpPoints(
            CASE
              WHEN ST_GeometryType(raw_geom) = 'ST_CurvePolygon'
                THEN ST_CurveToLine(raw_geom)
              ELSE raw_geom
            END
          ) AS vertex3d
        )
      END
    ) ORDER BY ord, part_path)
    FROM render_parts
  )
)::text
"""
        payload = self.run_psql_scalar(database, query)
        if not payload:
            raise RuntimeError("PostGIS returned no visual-example payload")
        return json.loads(payload)

    def visual_image_svg(self, visual_id, images):
        count = len(images)
        columns = 1 if count == 1 else min(2, count)
        rows = math.ceil(count / columns)
        gap = 14
        outer = 20
        label_height = 24 if count > 1 else 0
        cell_width = (560 - gap * (columns - 1)) / columns
        cell_height = 520 if count == 1 else 320
        available_scale = min(
            min(cell_width / image["width"], cell_height / image["height"])
            for image in images
        )
        shared_scale = (
            max(1, math.floor(available_scale))
            if available_scale >= 1 else available_scale
        )
        svg_height = outer + rows * (label_height + cell_height) + (rows - 1) * gap + 44
        panels = []
        legends = []
        source_indexes = {"Code": 0, "Output": 0}
        for index, image in enumerate(images):
            column = index % columns
            row = index // columns
            left = outer + column * (cell_width + gap)
            top = outer + row * (label_height + cell_height + gap)
            image_top = top + label_height
            width = image["width"] * shared_scale
            height = image["height"] * shared_scale
            x = left + (cell_width - width) / 2
            y = image_top + (cell_height - height) / 2
            source_indexes[image["source"]] += 1
            layer_id = (
                f"{visual_id}-{image['source'].lower()}-"
                f"{source_indexes[image['source']]}"
            )
            label = html.escape(image["label"])
            if count > 1:
                panels.append(
                    f'<text class="frame-label" x="{left + cell_width / 2:.12g}" '
                    f'y="{top + 16:.12g}" text-anchor="middle">{label}</text>'
                )
            panels.append(
                f'<rect class="image-background" x="{x:.12g}" y="{y:.12g}" '
                f'width="{width:.12g}" height="{height:.12g}" fill="white"/>'
                f'<g class="geometry-layer image-layer" data-postgis-geometry-id="{layer_id}">'
                f'<image x="{x:.12g}" y="{y:.12g}" width="{width:.12g}" '
                f'height="{height:.12g}" preserveAspectRatio="none" '
                'style="image-rendering:crisp-edges;image-rendering:pixelated" '
                f'href="data:{image["media_type"]};base64,{image["data"]}"/>'
                '</g>'
            )
            if count == 1:
                legends.append(
                    f'<g class="legend-row" data-postgis-geometry-id="{layer_id}" '
                    f'transform="translate(20 {svg_height - 26})">'
                    '<rect width="11" height="11" rx="2" fill="#a62c2b"/>'
                    f'<text x="16" y="10">{label}</text></g>'
                )
        safe_id = html.escape(visual_id, quote=True)
        return (
            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\n'
            f'<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="600" height="{svg_height}" '
            f'viewBox="0 0 600 {svg_height}" role="img" aria-labelledby="{safe_id}-title">\n'
            f'<title id="{safe_id}-title">Rendered SQL image output for {safe_id}</title>\n'
            '<style>.frame-label{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:600;fill:#344}'
            '.geometry-layer{opacity:1;transition:opacity 90ms ease}'
            '.image-layer image{image-rendering:crisp-edges;image-rendering:pixelated}'
            '.legend-row text{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12px;fill:#344}'
            'svg:has(.geometry-layer.active) .geometry-layer:not(.active){opacity:.18}'
            '.geometry-layer.active{filter:brightness(.72)}</style>\n'
            + ''.join(panels) + '\n' + ''.join(legends) + '\n</svg>\n'
        )

    def render_image_visual_example(self, example, actual):
        layers = []
        source_indexes = {"Code": 0, "Output": 0}
        for image in actual.visuals:
            source = image["source"]
            source_indexes[source] += 1
            layers.append({
                "id": f"{example['visual_id']}-{source.lower()}-{source_indexes[source]}",
                "source": source, "label": image["label"], "row": image["row"],
                "column": image["column"], "media_type": image["media_type"],
                "width": image["width"], "height": image["height"], "frame": image["label"],
            })
        return {
            "id": example["visual_id"], "source": example["label"],
            "refentry": example["visual_refentry"], "screen": example["visual_screen"],
            "preferred": example["visual_preferred"], "kind": "image-output",
            "output_omitted": False, "layers": layers,
            "svg": self.visual_image_svg(example["visual_id"], actual.visuals),
        }

    def render_visual_example(self, database, example, actual):
        actual = self.coalesce_single_column_wkt_rows(actual)
        if getattr(actual, "visuals", None):
            return self.render_image_visual_example(example, actual)
        code = (
            []
            if example.get("visual_output_only")
            else self.code_geometry_candidates(example["query"])
        )
        output = []
        headers = getattr(actual, "headers", []) or self.query_output_headers(example["query"])
        explicit_headers = self.query_output_headers(example["query"])
        output_types = getattr(actual, "types", [])
        cluster_column = self.cluster_column_index(headers) if len(actual) > 1 else None
        marker_scale_column = self.marker_scale_column_index(headers)
        row_panel_label_column = (
            self.label_companion_column_index(headers)
            if example.get("visual_row_panels")
            else None
        )
        output_groups = {}
        next_output_group = 1
        for row_index, row in enumerate(actual, 1):
            cluster_value = self.scalar_companion_value(row, cluster_column)
            marker_scale = self.marker_scale_value(
                self.scalar_companion_value(row, marker_scale_column)
            )
            for column_index, value in enumerate(row):
                matches = [{"wkt": wkt} for wkt in self.geometry_candidates(value)]
                output_type = output_types[column_index] if column_index < len(output_types) else ""
                hexwkb = self.geometry_output_hex(value, output_type)
                if hexwkb is not None:
                    matches.append({"hexwkb": hexwkb["hexwkb"]})
                for match_index, geometry in enumerate(matches, 1):
                    header_label = headers[column_index] if column_index < len(headers) else ""
                    label = header_label
                    has_explicit_header = (
                        column_index < len(explicit_headers) and bool(explicit_headers[column_index])
                    )
                    if (
                        not label
                        or label.lower() in {"?column?", "st_astext", "st_asewkt"}
                        or ("hexwkb" in geometry and not has_explicit_header)
                    ):
                        label = "Output"
                    source = "Code" if label.lower().startswith("input_") else "Output"
                    if source == "Code":
                        label = label[len("input_"):]
                    row_panel_label = self.scalar_companion_value(row, row_panel_label_column)
                    if row_panel_label and column_index != row_panel_label_column:
                        label = row_panel_label
                    label = self.display_label(label)
                    if len(actual) > 1 and not row_panel_label:
                        label = f"{label} {row_index}"
                    if len(matches) > 1:
                        label = f"{label}.{match_index}"
                    group_key = None
                    group_label = None
                    if (
                        source == "Output"
                        and cluster_value is not None
                        and column_index != cluster_column
                    ):
                        label_column = self.label_companion_column_index(
                            headers,
                            excluded_indexes={cluster_column, column_index},
                        )
                        label_value = self.scalar_companion_value(row, label_column)
                        group_key = (column_index + 1, cluster_value)
                        if group_key not in output_groups:
                            output_groups[group_key] = next_output_group
                            next_output_group += 1
                        group_label = self.grouped_geometry_label(
                            headers[cluster_column] if cluster_column is not None else "",
                            cluster_value,
                            label_value,
                        )
                    output.append({
                        **geometry, "label": label, "source": source,
                        "row_num": row_index, "column_num": column_index + 1,
                        "group_ord": output_groups.get(group_key),
                        "group_label": group_label,
                        "marker_scale": marker_scale,
                    })
        if (
            example.get("visual_kind") == "geometry-output"
            and self.expected_has_hexwkb(example.get("expected", []))
            and not output
        ):
            return None
        if any(candidate["source"] == "Code" for candidate in output):
            # Explicit input_* result columns define the authored input layers.
            # Do not repeat geometry literals and constructor arguments inferred
            # from the query, but retain them for ordinary named output columns.
            code = []
        layers = []
        forced_frame = "Overlay" if example.get("visual_overlay") else None
        code_geometry_count = sum("label" not in candidate for candidate in code)
        code_point_count = sum(
            self.geometry_type(candidate.get("wkt") or "") in POINT_TYPES
            for candidate in code
        )
        output_point_counts = {"Code": 0, "Output": 0}
        for candidate in output:
            geometry_value = candidate.get("wkt") or candidate.get("hexwkb") or ""
            geometry_type = self.geometry_type(geometry_value)
            if geometry_type is None and candidate.get("hexwkb"):
                geometry_type = self.hexwkb_geometry(
                    candidate["hexwkb"], allow_bytea_prefix=False
                )["type"]
            if geometry_type in POINT_TYPES:
                output_point_counts[candidate["source"]] += 1
        for index, candidate in enumerate(code, 1):
            if candidate.get("label"):
                label = self.display_label(candidate["label"])
            elif code_geometry_count == 1:
                label = "Code"
            else:
                code_index = sum("label" not in previous for previous in code[:index])
                label = f"Code {code_index}"
            layers.append({
                "ord": len(layers) + 1,
                "source": "Code",
                "label": label,
                "row_num": None,
                "column_num": None,
                "requested_frame": forced_frame or (
                    "Code" if example.get("visual_separate_output") else None
                ),
                "source_point_count": code_point_count,
                # Let PostGIS compute ST_NPoints for the actual geometry.  A
                # MULTIPOINT is one layer, but may contain hundreds of points.
                "total_points": None,
                "marker_scale": None,
                "wkt": candidate["wkt"],
                "hexwkb": None,
            })
        for source in ("Code", "Output"):
            values = [candidate for candidate in output if candidate["source"] == source]
            for index, candidate in enumerate(values, 1):
                meaningful_label = candidate["label"] != source and (len(output) > 1 or bool(code))
                layers.append({
                    "ord": (
                        len(code) + candidate["group_ord"]
                        if source == "Output" and candidate.get("group_ord")
                        else len(layers) + 1
                    ),
                    "source": source,
                    "label": candidate.get("group_label") or (
                        candidate["label"] if meaningful_label else source if len(values) == 1 else (
                            candidate["label"] if candidate["label"] != source else f"{source} {index}"
                        )
                    ),
                    "row_num": candidate["row_num"],
                    "column_num": candidate["column_num"],
                    "requested_frame": forced_frame or (
                        candidate["label"]
                        if example.get("visual_separate_output") or example.get("visual_row_panels")
                        else None
                    ),
                    "source_point_count": output_point_counts.get(source, 0),
                    "total_points": None,
                    "marker_scale": candidate.get("marker_scale"),
                    "wkt": candidate.get("wkt"),
                    "hexwkb": candidate.get("hexwkb"),
                })
        if not layers:
            raise RuntimeError(f"Visual example {example['visual_id']} has no geometry input or output")
        output_omitted = False
        try:
            payload = self.visual_payload(database, layers)
        except RuntimeError as exc:
            parse_failure = re.search(
                r"geometry (?:contains non-closed rings|requires more points)|parse error",
                str(exc),
                re.I,
            )
            if not output or not code or not parse_failure:
                raise
            layers = [layer for layer in layers if layer["source"] == "Code"]
            payload = self.visual_payload(database, layers)
            output_omitted = True
        if not payload.get("parts"):
            return None
        if (
            any(layer["source"] == "Output" for layer in layers)
            and not any(part["source"] == "Output" for part in payload["parts"])
        ):
            output_omitted = True
        rendered_layers = []
        layer_source_indexes = {"Code": 0, "Output": 0}
        parts_by_ord = {}
        for part in payload.get("parts") or []:
            parts_by_ord.setdefault(part["ord"], []).append(part)
        for ordinal, parts in sorted(parts_by_ord.items()):
            first = parts[0]
            source_index = layer_source_indexes[first["source"]]
            layer_source_indexes[first["source"]] += 1
            closed_values = [part.get("closed") for part in parts if part.get("closed") is not None]
            rendered_layers.append({
                "id": f"{example['visual_id']}-{first['source'].lower()}-{source_index + 1}",
                "source": first["source"],
                "label": first["label"],
                "row": first.get("row"),
                "column": first.get("column"),
                "dimension": first.get("dimension"),
                "closed": all(closed_values) if closed_values else None,
                "srid": first.get("srid"),
                "frame": first.get("frame", "Overlay"),
            })
        return {
            "id": example["visual_id"],
            "source": example["label"],
            "refentry": example["visual_refentry"],
            "screen": example["visual_screen"],
            "preferred": example["visual_preferred"] and not output_omitted,
            "kind": "input-context-fallback" if output_omitted else example["visual_kind"],
            "output_omitted": output_omitted,
            "native_output": (
                self.rows_to_string(actual)
                if self.expected_has_geometry_text(example.get("expected", []))
                and any(
                    GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_TYPE_RE.fullmatch(output_type or "")
                    for output_type in getattr(actual, "types", [])
                )
                else None
            ),
            "layers": rendered_layers,
            "svg": self.visual_svg(
                example["visual_id"], payload, database=database,
                show_direction=example.get("visual_direction", False),
                hide_output_area_vertices=example.get(
                    "visual_hide_output_area_vertices", False
                ),
                matrix_3x3=example.get("visual_matrix_3x3", False),
                show_tessellation=example.get("visual_tessellation", False),
            ),
        }

    def grid_step(self, span, target_lines=8):
        if span <= 0:
            return 1
        rough = span / target_lines
        power = 10 ** math.floor(math.log10(rough))
        normalized = rough / power
        nice = 1 if normalized <= 1 else 2 if normalized <= 2 else 5 if normalized <= 5 else 10
        return nice * power

    def grid_label(self, value):
        if abs(value) < 1e-12:
            value = 0
        label = f"{value:.12g}"
        return "0" if label == "-0" else label

    DEFAULT_3D_VIEW = (-1.35, -1.0, 0.8)
    SMOOTH_3D_EDGE_MAX_ANGLE = 40.0
    SMOOTH_3D_EDGE_MIN_COUNT = 16
    SMOOTH_3D_JOIN_LENGTH_RATIO = 0.12
    FACETED_3D_FACE_MIN_COUNT = 16
    FACETED_3D_SHALLOW_EDGE_MIN_COUNT = 8
    FACETED_3D_LENGTH_GAP_RATIO = 4.0
    FACETED_3D_LENGTH_CLUSTER_MIN_COUNT = 3
    FACETED_3D_SMOOTH_EDGE_MAX_ANGLE = 35.0
    FACETED_3D_SKINNY_FACE_EDGE_MIN_RATIO = 0.8
    FACETED_3D_SCREEN_CONTINUATION_MAX_ANGLE = 15.0
    SMOOTH_3D_SIDE_SHADE = 0.82
    SMOOTH_3D_CAP_MIN_SHADE = 0.68
    SMOOTH_3D_FACE_OVERLAP_PIXELS = 1.1
    CANDIDATE_3D_VIEWS = (
        DEFAULT_3D_VIEW,
        (-0.45, -1.6, 0.85),
        (1.2, -1.1, 0.85),
        (1.45, 0.65, 0.85),
        (-1.0, 1.35, 0.85),
        (0.2, -1.5, 1.15),
        (-1.5, 0.15, 1.15),
        (1.5, -0.2, 1.15),
    )

    def project_3d_point(self, point, view=None):
        """Return deterministic orthographic x/y/depth coordinates for one XYZ point."""
        x, y, z = [float(value) for value in point]
        # Slightly elevated, asymmetric cameras avoid collapsing opposite
        # corners of a cube while retaining a stable orthographic projection.
        view = self.DEFAULT_3D_VIEW if view is None else view
        view_length = math.sqrt(sum(value ** 2 for value in view))
        view = tuple(value / view_length for value in view)
        horizontal_length = math.hypot(view[0], view[1])
        right = (-view[1] / horizontal_length, view[0] / horizontal_length, 0.0)
        up = (
            view[1] * right[2] - view[2] * right[1],
            view[2] * right[0] - view[0] * right[2],
            view[0] * right[1] - view[1] * right[0],
        )
        projected_x = x * right[0] + y * right[1] + z * right[2]
        projected_y = x * up[0] + y * up[1] + z * up[2]
        depth = x * view[0] + y * view[1] + z * view[2]
        return projected_x, projected_y, depth

    def choose_3d_view(self, points):
        """Choose a deterministic 3D view that avoids edge-on projections."""
        if len(points) < 2:
            return self.DEFAULT_3D_VIEW
        xs = [float(point[0]) for point in points]
        ys = [float(point[1]) for point in points]
        zs = [float(point[2]) for point in points]
        source_width = max(xs) - min(xs)
        source_height = max(ys) - min(ys)
        source_depth = max(zs) - min(zs)
        wide_scene = source_width > max(source_height, source_depth, 1e-9) * 2.2
        best = None
        for view_index, view in enumerate(self.CANDIDATE_3D_VIEWS):
            projected = [self.project_3d_point(point, view) for point in points]
            xs = [point[0] for point in projected]
            ys = [point[1] for point in projected]
            width = max(xs) - min(xs)
            height = max(ys) - min(ys)
            smaller_span = min(width, height)
            larger_span = max(width, height)
            balance = smaller_span / larger_span if larger_span else 0
            if wide_scene:
                origin = self.project_3d_point((0, 0, 0), view)
                x_axis = self.project_3d_point((1, 0, 0), view)
                dx = x_axis[0] - origin[0]
                dy = x_axis[1] - origin[1]
                horizontalness = abs(dx) / math.hypot(dx, dy) if dx or dy else 0
                # Long text-like 3D geometries are easier to read when their
                # source X axis remains left-to-right and nearly horizontal.
                # A purely bbox-driven camera can make these examples look
                # mirrored or rotated even though the solid itself is valid.
                score = (dx > 0, horizontalness, width, smaller_span, -view_index)
            else:
                score = (smaller_span, balance, -view_index)
            if best is None or score > best[0]:
                best = (score, view)
        return best[1]

    def face_normal(self, rings):
        """Return a Newell normal for the exterior ring of a polygon face."""
        points = rings[0] if rings else []
        if len(points) > 1 and points[0] == points[-1]:
            points = points[:-1]
        if len(points) < 3:
            return (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
        normal_x = normal_y = normal_z = 0.0
        for index, current in enumerate(points):
            following = points[(index + 1) % len(points)]
            x1, y1, z1 = [float(value) for value in current]
            x2, y2, z2 = [float(value) for value in following]
            normal_x += (y1 - y2) * (z1 + z2)
            normal_y += (z1 - z2) * (x1 + x2)
            normal_z += (x1 - x2) * (y1 + y2)
        return (normal_x, normal_y, normal_z)

    def face_view_dot(self, rings, view):
        """Return the signed face orientation relative to the 3D view vector."""
        normal_x, normal_y, normal_z = self.face_normal(rings)
        normal_length = math.sqrt(normal_x ** 2 + normal_y ** 2 + normal_z ** 2)
        if normal_length == 0:
            return 1.0
        view = self.DEFAULT_3D_VIEW if view is None else view
        view_length = math.sqrt(sum(value ** 2 for value in view))
        if view_length == 0:
            return 1.0
        return (
            normal_x * view[0] + normal_y * view[1] + normal_z * view[2]
        ) / (normal_length * view_length)

    def face_shade(self, rings):
        """Return an orientation-independent light factor for a polygon face."""
        normal_x, normal_y, normal_z = self.face_normal(rings)
        length = math.sqrt(normal_x ** 2 + normal_y ** 2 + normal_z ** 2)
        if length == 0:
            return 0.72
        light = (0.25, -0.45, 0.86)
        light_length = math.sqrt(sum(value ** 2 for value in light))
        incidence = abs(
            (normal_x * light[0] + normal_y * light[1] + normal_z * light[2])
            / (length * light_length)
        )
        return 0.48 + 0.52 * incidence

    def shade_color(self, color, factor):
        channels = [int(color[index:index + 2], 16) for index in (1, 3, 5)]
        return "#" + "".join(f"{max(0, min(255, round(channel * factor))):02x}" for channel in channels)

    def edge_key_3d(self, start, end):
        """Return an orientation-independent key for a 3D edge."""
        points = tuple(
            tuple(round(float(value), 12) for value in point)
            for point in (start, end)
        )
        return tuple(sorted(points))

    def edge_length_3d(self, edge_key):
        return math.sqrt(sum(
            (edge_key[1][index] - edge_key[0][index]) ** 2
            for index in range(3)
        ))

    def edge_screen_continuation_degrees(self, first_edge, second_edge, view):
        """Return the deviation from a straight projected edge continuation."""
        shared_vertices = set(first_edge) & set(second_edge)
        if len(shared_vertices) != 1:
            return None
        shared = next(iter(shared_vertices))
        first_other = next(point for point in first_edge if point != shared)
        second_other = next(point for point in second_edge if point != shared)
        shared_x, shared_y, _ = self.project_3d_point(shared, view)
        first_x, first_y, _ = self.project_3d_point(first_other, view)
        second_x, second_y, _ = self.project_3d_point(second_other, view)
        first_vector = (first_x - shared_x, first_y - shared_y)
        second_vector = (second_x - shared_x, second_y - shared_y)
        first_length = math.hypot(*first_vector)
        second_length = math.hypot(*second_vector)
        if first_length == 0 or second_length == 0:
            return None
        cosine = (
            first_vector[0] * second_vector[0]
            + first_vector[1] * second_vector[1]
        ) / (first_length * second_length)
        angle = math.degrees(math.acos(max(-1.0, min(1.0, cosine))))
        return abs(180.0 - angle)

    def separated_short_edge_limit(self, lengths):
        """Return the upper edge length of a clearly separated short cluster."""
        ordered = sorted(length for length in lengths if length > 0)
        cluster_size = self.FACETED_3D_LENGTH_CLUSTER_MIN_COUNT
        if len(ordered) < cluster_size * 2:
            return None
        gaps = [
            (ordered[index + 1] / ordered[index], index)
            for index in range(cluster_size - 1, len(ordered) - cluster_size)
        ]
        ratio, index = max(gaps, default=(0.0, 0))
        if ratio < self.FACETED_3D_LENGTH_GAP_RATIO:
            return None
        return ordered[index]

    def face_angle_degrees(self, first_normal, second_normal):
        first_length = math.sqrt(sum(value ** 2 for value in first_normal))
        second_length = math.sqrt(sum(value ** 2 for value in second_normal))
        if first_length == 0 or second_length == 0:
            return None
        cosine = abs(
            sum(first * second for first, second in zip(first_normal, second_normal))
            / (first_length * second_length)
        )
        return math.degrees(math.acos(max(-1.0, min(1.0, cosine))))

    def faceted_smooth_edge_max_angle(self, face_records):
        """Use the wider smoothing angle only for a seam between two skinny facets."""
        if len(face_records) == 2 and all(
            record.get("edge_to_other_length_ratio", 0)
            >= self.FACETED_3D_SKINNY_FACE_EDGE_MIN_RATIO
            for record in face_records
        ):
            return self.SMOOTH_3D_EDGE_MAX_ANGLE
        return self.FACETED_3D_SMOOTH_EDGE_MAX_ANGLE

    def face_vertex_count(self, paths):
        return sum(
            len(path) - 1 if len(path) > 1 and path[0] == path[-1] else len(path)
            for path in paths
        )

    def face_depth_plane(self, rings):
        points = rings[0] if rings else []
        for first in range(len(points)):
            x1, y1, depth1 = points[first]
            for second in range(first + 1, len(points)):
                x2, y2, depth2 = points[second]
                for third in range(second + 1, len(points)):
                    x3, y3, depth3 = points[third]
                    denominator = (
                        x1 * (y2 - y3)
                        + x2 * (y3 - y1)
                        + x3 * (y1 - y2)
                    )
                    if abs(denominator) < 1e-12:
                        continue
                    a = (
                        depth1 * (y2 - y3)
                        + depth2 * (y3 - y1)
                        + depth3 * (y1 - y2)
                    ) / denominator
                    b = (
                        depth1 * (x3 - x2)
                        + depth2 * (x1 - x3)
                        + depth3 * (x2 - x1)
                    ) / denominator
                    c = (
                        depth1 * (x2 * y3 - x3 * y2)
                        + depth2 * (x3 * y1 - x1 * y3)
                        + depth3 * (x1 * y2 - x2 * y1)
                    ) / denominator
                    return (a, b, c)
        return None

    def same_depth_plane(self, first, second, tolerance=1e-9):
        if first is None or second is None:
            return False
        return all(abs(a - b) <= tolerance for a, b in zip(first, second))

    def projected_3d_edges(self, paths, projected_paths, projected_depth_paths):
        edges = []
        for path, projected_path, depth_path in zip(paths, projected_paths, projected_depth_paths):
            if len(path) < 2 or len(projected_path) < 2 or len(depth_path) < 2:
                continue
            for index, (start, end) in enumerate(zip(path, path[1:])):
                if start == end:
                    continue
                projected_start = projected_path[index]
                projected_end = projected_path[index + 1]
                if projected_start == projected_end:
                    continue
                edges.append({
                    "key": self.edge_key_3d(start, end),
                    "start": [projected_start[0], projected_start[1]],
                    "end": [projected_end[0], projected_end[1]],
                    "start_depth": depth_path[index],
                    "end_depth": depth_path[index + 1],
                })
        return edges

    def projected_3d_face(self, paths, projected_paths, projected_depth_paths):
        rings = [
            [
                [projected[0], projected[1], depth]
                for projected, depth in zip(projected_path, depth_path)
            ]
            for projected_path, depth_path in zip(projected_paths, projected_depth_paths)
        ]
        edge_keys = [
            self.edge_key_3d(start, end)
            for path in paths
            for start, end in zip(path, path[1:])
            if start != end
        ]
        return {
            "rings": rings,
            "depth_plane": self.face_depth_plane(rings),
            "edge_keys": edge_keys,
            "normal": self.face_normal(paths),
            "vertex_count": self.face_vertex_count(paths),
        }

    def wkt_ring_2d(self, ring):
        points = [[float(point[0]), float(point[1])] for point in ring]
        if points and points[0] != points[-1]:
            points.append(points[0])
        return "(" + ",".join(f"{x:.12g} {y:.12g}" for x, y in points) + ")"

    def wkt_polygon_2d(self, rings):
        return "POLYGON(" + ",".join(self.wkt_ring_2d(ring) for ring in rings) + ")"

    def split_3d_edge_segments(self, database, parts, face_patches_by_part=None):
        faces = []
        edges = []
        visible_patches = []
        for part_index, part in enumerate(parts):
            if not part.get("is_3d_face"):
                continue
            frame_id = str(part.get("frame", "Overlay"))
            face = part.get("face_3d")
            group_id = str(part.get("visibility_group", frame_id))
            if face and part.get("occlude_3d_face", part.get("fill_3d_face", True)):
                faces.append({
                    "face_id": part_index,
                    "frame": frame_id,
                    "group": group_id,
                    "wkt": self.wkt_polygon_2d(face["rings"]),
                    "plane": face["depth_plane"],
                    "edge_keys": face["edge_keys"],
                })
                for patch in (face_patches_by_part or {}).get(part_index, []):
                    if patch.get("wkt") and patch.get("edge_visibility", True):
                        visible_patches.append({
                            "face_id": part_index,
                            "frame": frame_id,
                            "group": group_id,
                            "wkt": patch["wkt"],
                            "edge_keys": face["edge_keys"],
                        })
            for edge_index, edge in enumerate(part.get("edges_3d") or []):
                edges.append({
                    "part_id": part_index,
                    "edge_id": len(edges),
                    "key": edge["key"],
                    "wkt": (
                        f'LINESTRING({edge["start"][0]:.12g} {edge["start"][1]:.12g},'
                        f'{edge["end"][0]:.12g} {edge["end"][1]:.12g})'
                    ),
                    "start_depth": edge["start_depth"],
                    "end_depth": edge["end_depth"],
                    "visible_boundary": edge.get("visible_boundary", False),
                    "silhouette_only": edge.get("silhouette_only", False),
                    "frame": frame_id,
                    "group": group_id,
                })
        if not edges:
            return {}
        encoded = base64.b64encode(
            json.dumps(
                {"faces": faces, "edges": edges, "visible_patches": visible_patches},
                separators=(",", ":"),
            ).encode("utf-8")
        ).decode("ascii")
        query = f"""
WITH payload AS (
  SELECT convert_from(decode('{encoded}', 'base64'), 'UTF8')::jsonb AS data
), raw_faces AS (
  SELECT
    (item->>'face_id')::integer AS face_id,
    item->>'frame' AS frame_id,
    item->>'group' AS group_id,
    ST_GeomFromText(item->>'wkt') AS geom,
    ARRAY(
      SELECT jsonb_array_elements_text(item->'edge_keys')
    ) AS edge_keys,
    (item->'plane'->>0)::double precision AS plane_a,
    (item->'plane'->>1)::double precision AS plane_b,
    (item->'plane'->>2)::double precision AS plane_c
  FROM payload, jsonb_array_elements(data->'faces') AS item
), faces AS MATERIALIZED (
  SELECT f.face_id, f.frame_id, f.group_id, normalized.geom, f.edge_keys,
    f.plane_a, f.plane_b, f.plane_c
  FROM raw_faces AS f
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
    SELECT ST_CollectionExtract(ST_MakeValid(f.geom), 3) AS geom
  ) AS normalized
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty(normalized.geom)
), edges AS (
  SELECT
    (item->>'part_id')::integer AS part_id,
    (item->>'edge_id')::integer AS edge_id,
    item->>'key' AS edge_key,
    item->>'frame' AS frame_id,
    item->>'group' AS group_id,
    ST_GeomFromText(item->>'wkt') AS geom,
    (item->>'start_depth')::double precision AS start_depth,
    (item->>'end_depth')::double precision AS end_depth,
    (item->>'visible_boundary')::boolean AS visible_boundary,
    (item->>'silhouette_only')::boolean AS silhouette_only
  FROM payload, jsonb_array_elements(data->'edges') AS item
), unique_edges AS (
  SELECT DISTINCT ON (group_id, edge_key)
    edge_key, part_id, edge_id, frame_id, group_id, geom, start_depth, end_depth,
    visible_boundary, silhouette_only
  FROM edges
  ORDER BY group_id, edge_key, silhouette_only, visible_boundary DESC, part_id, edge_id
), projected_extents AS (
  SELECT frame_id, group_id, ST_Extent(geom) AS extent
  FROM (
    SELECT frame_id, group_id, geom FROM faces
    UNION ALL
    SELECT frame_id, group_id, geom FROM unique_edges
  ) AS projected
  GROUP BY frame_id, group_id
), overlay_precision AS MATERIALIZED (
  SELECT frame_id, group_id,
    scene_span * 1e-4 AS grid_size,
    scene_span * 4e-4 AS cleanup_grid_size
  FROM projected_extents
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
    SELECT greatest(
      ST_XMax(extent) - ST_XMin(extent),
      ST_YMax(extent) - ST_YMin(extent)
    ) AS scene_span
  ) AS dimensions
  WHERE scene_span > 0
), face_projection_union AS MATERIALIZED (
  SELECT f.frame_id, f.group_id,
    ST_UnaryUnion(ST_Collect(f.geom), p.grid_size) AS geom
  FROM faces AS f
  JOIN overlay_precision AS p USING (frame_id, group_id)
  GROUP BY f.frame_id, f.group_id, p.grid_size
), face_projection_boundary AS MATERIALIZED (
  SELECT frame_id, group_id, ST_Boundary(geom) AS geom
  FROM face_projection_union
), drawable_edges AS MATERIALIZED (
  SELECT e.edge_key, e.part_id, e.edge_id, e.frame_id, e.group_id,
    e.geom AS original_geom,
    e.start_depth + (e.end_depth - e.start_depth)
      * ST_LineLocatePoint(e.geom, ST_StartPoint((dumped).geom)) AS start_depth,
    e.start_depth + (e.end_depth - e.start_depth)
      * ST_LineLocatePoint(e.geom, ST_EndPoint((dumped).geom)) AS end_depth,
    e.visible_boundary,
    e.silhouette_only, (dumped).geom AS geom
  FROM unique_edges AS e
  JOIN overlay_precision AS p USING (frame_id, group_id)
  LEFT JOIN face_projection_boundary AS b USING (frame_id, group_id)
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(
    CASE
      WHEN NOT e.silhouette_only THEN e.geom
      WHEN b.geom IS NULL THEN ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING EMPTY')
      ELSE ST_CollectionExtract(
        ST_Intersection(e.geom, b.geom, p.grid_size),
        2
      )
    END
  ) AS dumped
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty((dumped).geom)
), boundary_intersections AS (
  SELECT e.frame_id, e.group_id, e.edge_key,
    ST_Intersection(e.geom, ST_Boundary(f.geom)) AS geom
  FROM drawable_edges AS e
  JOIN faces AS f ON e.group_id = f.group_id AND NOT e.edge_key = ANY(f.edge_keys)
  WHERE ST_Intersects(e.geom, f.geom)
), depth_crossings AS (
  SELECT e.frame_id, e.group_id, e.edge_key,
    ST_LineInterpolatePoint(e.geom, values.crossing_fraction) AS geom
  FROM drawable_edges AS e
  JOIN faces AS f
    ON e.group_id = f.group_id
    AND NOT e.edge_key = ANY(f.edge_keys)
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
    SELECT
      (
        f.plane_a * ST_X(ST_StartPoint(e.geom))
        + f.plane_b * ST_Y(ST_StartPoint(e.geom))
        + f.plane_c
      ) - e.start_depth AS start_delta,
      (
        f.plane_a * ST_X(ST_EndPoint(e.geom))
        + f.plane_b * ST_Y(ST_EndPoint(e.geom))
        + f.plane_c
      ) - e.end_depth AS end_delta
  ) AS delta
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
    SELECT delta.start_delta / (delta.start_delta - delta.end_delta) AS crossing_fraction
  ) AS values
  WHERE delta.start_delta * delta.end_delta < -1e-18
    AND values.crossing_fraction > 1e-9
    AND values.crossing_fraction < 1 - 1e-9
    AND ST_Covers(f.geom, ST_LineInterpolatePoint(e.geom, values.crossing_fraction))
), splitter_points AS (
  SELECT frame_id, group_id, edge_key, (dumped).geom AS geom
  FROM boundary_intersections
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(ST_CollectionExtract(geom, 1)) AS dumped
  UNION ALL
  SELECT frame_id, group_id, edge_key, (dumped).geom AS geom
  FROM boundary_intersections
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(ST_Boundary(ST_CollectionExtract(geom, 2))) AS dumped
  UNION ALL
  SELECT frame_id, group_id, edge_key, geom
  FROM depth_crossings
), splitters AS (
  SELECT frame_id, group_id, edge_key,
    ST_UnaryUnion(ST_Collect(geom)) AS geom
  FROM splitter_points
  GROUP BY frame_id, group_id, edge_key
), split_edges AS (
  SELECT e.edge_key, e.part_id, e.edge_id, e.original_geom,
    e.frame_id, e.group_id, e.start_depth, e.end_depth, e.visible_boundary,
    e.silhouette_only,
    (dumped).geom AS geom
  FROM drawable_edges AS e
  LEFT JOIN splitters AS s USING (frame_id, group_id, edge_key)
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(
    CASE WHEN s.geom IS NULL THEN e.geom ELSE ST_CollectionExtract(ST_Split(e.geom, s.geom), 2) END
  ) AS dumped
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty((dumped).geom)
), candidate_segments AS MATERIALIZED (
  SELECT row_number() OVER () AS segment_id, *,
    ST_LineInterpolatePoint(geom, 0.5) AS midpoint
  FROM split_edges
), raw_visible_face_patches AS (
  SELECT
    (item->>'face_id')::integer AS face_id,
    item->>'frame' AS frame_id,
    item->>'group' AS group_id,
    ST_GeomFromText(item->>'wkt') AS geom,
    ARRAY(
      SELECT jsonb_array_elements_text(item->'edge_keys')
    ) AS edge_keys
  FROM payload, jsonb_array_elements(data->'visible_patches') AS item
), visible_face_patches AS MATERIALIZED (
  SELECT f.face_id, f.frame_id, f.group_id, normalized.geom, f.edge_keys
  FROM raw_visible_face_patches AS f
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
    SELECT ST_CollectionExtract(ST_MakeValid(f.geom), 3) AS geom
  ) AS normalized
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty(normalized.geom)
), visible_patch_edges AS (
  SELECT face_id, frame_id, group_id, edge_key, geom
  FROM visible_face_patches
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL unnest(edge_keys) AS edge_key
), visible_coverage AS MATERIALIZED (
  SELECT segment_id,
    ST_UnaryUnion(ST_Collect(geom), grid_size) AS geom
  FROM (
    SELECT s.segment_id, p.grid_size,
      ST_CollectionExtract(
        ST_Intersection(
          s.geom,
          f.geom,
          p.grid_size
        ),
        2
      ) AS geom
    FROM candidate_segments AS s
    JOIN visible_patch_edges AS f
      ON s.frame_id = f.frame_id
      AND s.group_id = f.group_id
      AND s.edge_key = f.edge_key
    JOIN overlay_precision AS p
      ON p.frame_id = s.frame_id
      AND p.group_id = s.group_id
  ) AS coverage
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty(geom)
  GROUP BY segment_id, grid_size
), visible_pieces AS (
  SELECT s.edge_key, s.part_id, s.edge_id, s.original_geom, s.frame_id, s.group_id,
    s.silhouette_only, true AS visible,
    (dumped).geom AS geom
  FROM candidate_segments AS s
  JOIN visible_coverage AS v USING (segment_id)
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(ST_CollectionExtract(v.geom, 2)) AS dumped
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty((dumped).geom)
), visible_union AS (
  SELECT v.frame_id, v.group_id,
    ST_UnaryUnion(ST_Collect(v.geom), p.cleanup_grid_size) AS geom
  FROM visible_pieces AS v
  JOIN overlay_precision AS p USING (frame_id, group_id)
  GROUP BY v.frame_id, v.group_id, p.cleanup_grid_size
), hidden_candidates AS (
  SELECT s.edge_key, s.part_id, s.edge_id, s.original_geom, s.frame_id, s.group_id,
    s.silhouette_only, false AS visible,
    (dumped).geom AS geom
  FROM candidate_segments AS s
  LEFT JOIN visible_coverage AS v USING (segment_id)
  JOIN face_projection_union AS f USING (frame_id, group_id)
  JOIN overlay_precision AS p USING (frame_id, group_id)
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(
    ST_CollectionExtract(
      ST_Intersection(
        CASE
          WHEN v.geom IS NULL THEN s.geom
          ELSE ST_Difference(s.geom, v.geom, p.grid_size)
        END,
        f.geom,
        p.grid_size
      ),
      2
    )
  ) AS dumped
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty((dumped).geom)
), hidden_pieces AS (
  SELECT h.edge_key, h.part_id, h.edge_id, h.original_geom, h.frame_id, h.group_id,
    h.silhouette_only, false AS visible,
    (dumped).geom AS geom
  FROM hidden_candidates AS h
  LEFT JOIN visible_union AS v USING (frame_id, group_id)
  JOIN overlay_precision AS p USING (frame_id, group_id)
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(
    ST_CollectionExtract(
      CASE
        WHEN v.geom IS NULL THEN h.geom
        ELSE ST_Difference(h.geom, v.geom, p.cleanup_grid_size)
      END,
      2
    )
  ) AS dumped
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty((dumped).geom)
), classified AS (
  SELECT * FROM hidden_pieces
  UNION ALL
  SELECT * FROM visible_pieces
), straightened AS (
  SELECT edge_key, part_id, edge_id, original_geom, frame_id, group_id,
    silhouette_only, visible,
    ST_LineSubstring(
      original_geom,
      CASE
        WHEN start_fraction * ST_Length(original_geom) <= p.cleanup_grid_size THEN 0
        ELSE start_fraction
      END,
      CASE
        WHEN (1 - end_fraction) * ST_Length(original_geom) <= p.cleanup_grid_size THEN 1
        ELSE end_fraction
      END
    ) AS geom
  FROM classified
  JOIN overlay_precision AS p USING (frame_id, group_id)
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
    SELECT least(
      ST_LineLocatePoint(original_geom, ST_StartPoint(geom)),
      ST_LineLocatePoint(original_geom, ST_EndPoint(geom))
    ) AS start_fraction,
    greatest(
      ST_LineLocatePoint(original_geom, ST_StartPoint(geom)),
      ST_LineLocatePoint(original_geom, ST_EndPoint(geom))
    ) AS end_fraction
  ) AS bounds
  WHERE end_fraction - start_fraction > 1e-12
), merged_classified AS (
  SELECT edge_key, part_id, edge_id, original_geom, frame_id, group_id,
    silhouette_only, visible,
    ST_LineMerge(ST_UnaryUnion(ST_Collect(geom))) AS geom
  FROM straightened
  GROUP BY edge_key, part_id, edge_id, original_geom, frame_id, group_id,
    silhouette_only, visible
), classified_segments AS (
  SELECT edge_key, part_id, edge_id, original_geom, frame_id, group_id,
    silhouette_only, visible,
    (dumped).geom AS geom
  FROM merged_classified
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(ST_CollectionExtract(geom, 2)) AS dumped
)
SELECT json_agg(json_build_object(
  'part_id', part_id,
  'visible', visible,
  'svg', ST_AsSVG(geom, 0, 12)
) ORDER BY edge_key, ST_LineLocatePoint(original_geom, ST_StartPoint(geom)))::text
FROM classified_segments
JOIN overlay_precision AS p USING (frame_id, group_id)
WHERE (visible OR NOT silhouette_only)
  AND (NOT silhouette_only OR ST_Length(geom) > 5 * p.cleanup_grid_size)
"""
        result = self.run_psql_scalar(database, query)
        segments = json.loads(result or "[]") or []
        by_part = {}
        for segment in segments:
            by_part.setdefault(int(segment["part_id"]), []).append(segment)
        return by_part

    def split_3d_face_patches(self, database, parts):
        faces = []
        fill_planes_by_group = {}
        for part_index, part in enumerate(parts):
            if (
                not part.get("is_3d_face")
                or not part.get("occlude_3d_face", part.get("fill_3d_face", True))
            ):
                continue
            face = part.get("face_3d")
            if not face or not face.get("depth_plane"):
                continue
            frame_id = str(part.get("frame", "Overlay"))
            group_id = str(part.get("visibility_group", frame_id))
            paint_group = str(part.get("paint_group", part.get("ord", part_index)))
            fill_planes = fill_planes_by_group.setdefault((group_id, paint_group), [])
            fill_group = next(
                (
                    index
                    for index, plane in enumerate(fill_planes)
                    if self.same_depth_plane(plane, face["depth_plane"])
                ),
                None,
            )
            if fill_group is None:
                fill_group = len(fill_planes)
                fill_planes.append(face["depth_plane"])
            faces.append({
                "part_id": part_index,
                "frame": frame_id,
                "group": group_id,
                "fill_group": f"{group_id}|{paint_group}|{fill_group}",
                "draw_fill": bool(part.get("fill_3d_face", True)),
                "wkt": self.wkt_polygon_2d(face["rings"]),
                "plane": face["depth_plane"],
                "edge_keys": face.get("edge_keys", []),
            })
        if not faces:
            return {}
        encoded = base64.b64encode(
            json.dumps({"faces": faces}, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
        ).decode("ascii")
        query = f"""
WITH payload AS (
  SELECT convert_from(decode('{encoded}', 'base64'), 'UTF8')::jsonb AS data
), raw_faces AS (
  SELECT
    (item->>'part_id')::integer AS part_id,
    item->>'frame' AS frame_id,
    item->>'group' AS group_id,
    item->>'fill_group' AS fill_group,
    (item->>'draw_fill')::boolean AS draw_fill,
    ST_GeomFromText(item->>'wkt') AS geom,
    ARRAY(
      SELECT jsonb_array_elements_text(item->'edge_keys')
    ) AS edge_keys,
    (item->'plane'->>0)::double precision AS plane_a,
    (item->'plane'->>1)::double precision AS plane_b,
    (item->'plane'->>2)::double precision AS plane_c
  FROM payload, jsonb_array_elements(data->'faces') AS item
), faces AS MATERIALIZED (
  SELECT f.part_id, f.frame_id, f.group_id, f.fill_group, f.draw_fill,
    normalized.geom, f.edge_keys,
    f.plane_a, f.plane_b, f.plane_c
  FROM raw_faces AS f
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
    SELECT ST_CollectionExtract(ST_MakeValid(f.geom), 3) AS geom
  ) AS normalized
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty(normalized.geom)
), frame_extent AS (
  SELECT frame_id, group_id,
    ST_XMin(extent) AS min_x,
    ST_YMin(extent) AS min_y,
    ST_XMax(extent) AS max_x,
    ST_YMax(extent) AS max_y
  FROM (
    SELECT frame_id, group_id, ST_Envelope(ST_Extent(geom)) AS extent
    FROM faces
    GROUP BY frame_id, group_id
  ) AS bounds
), patch_precision AS MATERIALIZED (
  SELECT frame_id, group_id,
    scene_span * scene_span * 1e-12 AS min_patch_area
  FROM frame_extent
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
    SELECT greatest(max_x - min_x, max_y - min_y) AS scene_span
  ) AS dimensions
  WHERE scene_span > 0
), depth_split_lines AS (
  SELECT f.frame_id, f.group_id,
    ST_Intersection(
      ST_MakeLine(
        CASE
          WHEN abs(f.plane_b - o.plane_b) > abs(f.plane_a - o.plane_a) THEN
            ST_MakePoint(
              b.min_x - greatest(b.max_x - b.min_x, b.max_y - b.min_y),
              -(
                (f.plane_a - o.plane_a)
                * (b.min_x - greatest(b.max_x - b.min_x, b.max_y - b.min_y))
                + (f.plane_c - o.plane_c)
              ) / (f.plane_b - o.plane_b)
            )
          ELSE
            ST_MakePoint(
              -(
                (f.plane_b - o.plane_b)
                * (b.min_y - greatest(b.max_x - b.min_x, b.max_y - b.min_y))
                + (f.plane_c - o.plane_c)
              ) / (f.plane_a - o.plane_a),
              b.min_y - greatest(b.max_x - b.min_x, b.max_y - b.min_y)
            )
        END,
        CASE
          WHEN abs(f.plane_b - o.plane_b) > abs(f.plane_a - o.plane_a) THEN
            ST_MakePoint(
              b.max_x + greatest(b.max_x - b.min_x, b.max_y - b.min_y),
              -(
                (f.plane_a - o.plane_a)
                * (b.max_x + greatest(b.max_x - b.min_x, b.max_y - b.min_y))
                + (f.plane_c - o.plane_c)
              ) / (f.plane_b - o.plane_b)
            )
          ELSE
            ST_MakePoint(
              -(
                (f.plane_b - o.plane_b)
                * (b.max_y + greatest(b.max_x - b.min_x, b.max_y - b.min_y))
                + (f.plane_c - o.plane_c)
              ) / (f.plane_a - o.plane_a),
              b.max_y + greatest(b.max_x - b.min_x, b.max_y - b.min_y)
            )
        END
      ),
      ST_Intersection(f.geom, o.geom, 1e-9)
    ) AS geom
  FROM faces AS f
  JOIN faces AS o
    ON f.group_id = o.group_id
    AND f.part_id < o.part_id
    AND ST_Intersects(f.geom, o.geom)
  JOIN frame_extent AS b ON f.group_id = b.group_id
  WHERE abs(f.plane_a - o.plane_a) > 1e-12
    OR abs(f.plane_b - o.plane_b) > 1e-12
), linework AS (
  SELECT frame_id, group_id,
    ST_UnaryUnion(ST_Collect(geom), 1e-9) AS geom
  FROM (
    SELECT frame_id, group_id, ST_Boundary(geom) AS geom
    FROM faces
    UNION ALL
    SELECT frame_id, group_id, geom
    FROM depth_split_lines
    WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty(geom)
  ) AS lines
  GROUP BY frame_id, group_id
), line_geoms AS (
  SELECT frame_id, group_id, (dumped).geom AS geom
  FROM linework
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(geom) AS dumped
), polygonized AS (
  SELECT frame_id, group_id,
    ST_CollectionExtract(ST_Polygonize(geom), 3) AS geom
  FROM line_geoms
  GROUP BY frame_id, group_id
), cells AS (
  SELECT frame_id, group_id, (dumped).geom AS geom
  FROM polygonized
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(geom) AS dumped
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty((dumped).geom)
), patches AS (
  SELECT f.part_id, f.frame_id, f.group_id, f.fill_group, f.draw_fill,
    f.edge_keys, f.geom AS original_geom,
    f.plane_a, f.plane_b, f.plane_c,
    ST_CollectionExtract(ST_Intersection(f.geom, c.geom, 1e-9), 3) AS geom
  FROM faces AS f
  JOIN cells AS c
    ON f.group_id = c.group_id
    AND ST_Intersects(f.geom, c.geom)
), candidate_patches AS MATERIALIZED (
  SELECT row_number() OVER () AS patch_id, p.*,
    ST_PointOnSurface(p.geom) AS sample_point,
    (
      p.plane_a * ST_X(ST_PointOnSurface(p.geom))
      + p.plane_b * ST_Y(ST_PointOnSurface(p.geom))
      + p.plane_c
    ) AS patch_depth
  FROM patches AS p
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty(p.geom)
), front_coverage AS (
  SELECT p.patch_id,
    ST_CollectionExtract(
      ST_Intersection(p.geom, f.geom, 1e-9),
      3
    ) AS geom
  FROM candidate_patches AS p
  JOIN faces AS f
    ON f.group_id = p.group_id
    AND f.part_id <> p.part_id
    AND ST_Intersects(p.geom, f.geom)
  WHERE (
    f.plane_a * ST_X(p.sample_point)
    + f.plane_b * ST_Y(p.sample_point)
    + f.plane_c
  ) > p.patch_depth + 1e-9
), hidden_by_patch AS (
  SELECT patch_id,
    ST_UnaryUnion(ST_Collect(geom), 1e-9) AS geom
  FROM front_coverage
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty(geom)
  GROUP BY patch_id
), visible_patch_parts AS (
  SELECT p.part_id, p.frame_id, p.group_id, p.fill_group, p.draw_fill,
    p.plane_a, p.plane_b, p.plane_c,
    (dumped).geom AS geom
  FROM candidate_patches AS p
  LEFT JOIN hidden_by_patch AS h USING (patch_id)
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(
    ST_CollectionExtract(
      CASE
        WHEN h.geom IS NULL THEN p.geom
        ELSE ST_Difference(p.geom, h.geom, 1e-9)
      END,
      3
    )
  ) AS dumped
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty((dumped).geom)
), visible_face_unions AS (
  SELECT part_id, frame_id, group_id, fill_group, draw_fill,
    plane_a, plane_b, plane_c,
    ST_UnaryUnion(ST_Collect(geom), 1e-9) AS geom
  FROM visible_patch_parts AS v
  GROUP BY part_id, frame_id, group_id, fill_group, draw_fill,
    plane_a, plane_b, plane_c
), visible_patches AS (
  SELECT f.part_id, f.frame_id, f.group_id, f.fill_group, f.draw_fill,
    f.plane_a, f.plane_b, f.plane_c,
    (
      f.plane_a * ST_X(ST_PointOnSurface((dumped).geom))
      + f.plane_b * ST_Y(ST_PointOnSurface((dumped).geom))
      + f.plane_c
    ) AS patch_depth,
    (dumped).geom AS geom
  FROM visible_face_unions AS f
  JOIN patch_precision AS p USING (frame_id, group_id)
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(ST_CollectionExtract(f.geom, 3)) AS dumped
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty((dumped).geom)
    AND ST_Area((dumped).geom) > p.min_patch_area
), visible_fill_unions AS (
  SELECT min(part_id) AS part_id, frame_id, group_id, fill_group,
    min(plane_a) AS plane_a, min(plane_b) AS plane_b, min(plane_c) AS plane_c,
    ST_UnaryUnion(ST_Collect(geom), 1e-9) AS geom
  FROM visible_patches AS v
  WHERE draw_fill
  GROUP BY frame_id, group_id, fill_group
), visible_fill_patches AS (
  SELECT f.part_id,
    (
      f.plane_a * ST_X(ST_PointOnSurface((dumped).geom))
      + f.plane_b * ST_Y(ST_PointOnSurface((dumped).geom))
      + f.plane_c
    ) AS patch_depth,
    (dumped).geom AS geom
  FROM visible_fill_unions AS f
  JOIN patch_precision AS p USING (frame_id, group_id)
  CROSS JOIN LATERAL ST_Dump(ST_CollectionExtract(f.geom, 3)) AS dumped
  WHERE NOT ST_IsEmpty((dumped).geom)
    AND ST_Area((dumped).geom) > p.min_patch_area
), rendered_and_edge_patches AS (
  SELECT part_id, patch_depth, geom, false AS draw, true AS edge_visibility
  FROM visible_patches
  UNION ALL
  SELECT part_id, patch_depth, geom, true AS draw, false AS edge_visibility
  FROM visible_fill_patches
)
SELECT json_agg(json_build_object(
  'part_id', part_id,
  'depth', patch_depth,
  'wkt', ST_AsText(geom, 12),
  'svg', ST_AsSVG(geom, 0, 12),
  'draw', draw,
  'edge_visibility', edge_visibility
) ORDER BY draw, patch_depth, part_id, ST_AsText(geom))::text
FROM rendered_and_edge_patches
"""
        result = self.run_psql_scalar(database, query)
        patches = json.loads(result or "[]") or []
        by_part = {}
        for patch in patches:
            by_part.setdefault(int(patch["part_id"]), []).append(patch)
        return by_part

    def xyz_paths(self, part):
        """Rebuild deterministic point/line/ring paths from ST_DumpPoints paths."""
        paths = {}
        for vertex in part.get("points_xyz") or []:
            path = tuple(vertex.get("path") or [])
            parent_path = path[:-1] if len(path) > 1 else ()
            paths.setdefault(parent_path, []).append(vertex["point"])
        return list(paths.values())

    def project_3d_payload(self, payload, database=None, show_tessellation=False):
        """Project every frame consistently when the visual contains a Z surface."""
        frames = payload.get("frames") or [{"id": "Overlay", "bounds": payload["bounds"]}]
        area_types = {
            "POLYGON", "MULTIPOLYGON", "CURVEPOLYGON", "MULTISURFACE",
            "TRIANGLE", "TIN", "POLYHEDRALSURFACE",
        }
        parts = payload.get("parts") or []
        three_dimensional_frames = {
            str(part.get("frame", frames[0]["id"])) for part in parts
            if part.get("has_z") and part.get("points_xyz")
        }
        projected_bounds = {}
        projected_parts = []
        frame_views = {}
        shared_3d_view = None
        if len(three_dimensional_frames) > 1:
            shared_points = [
                point
                for part in parts
                if str(part.get("frame", frames[0]["id"])) in three_dimensional_frames
                for vertex in (part.get("points_xyz") or [])
                for point in [vertex["point"]]
            ]
            shared_3d_view = self.choose_3d_view(shared_points)
        for frame in frames:
            frame_id = str(frame["id"])
            if frame_id not in three_dimensional_frames:
                continue
            if shared_3d_view is not None:
                frame_views[frame_id] = shared_3d_view
            else:
                frame_points = [
                    point
                    for part in parts
                    if str(part.get("frame", frames[0]["id"])) == frame_id
                    for vertex in (part.get("points_xyz") or [])
                    for point in [vertex["point"]]
                ]
                frame_views[frame_id] = self.choose_3d_view(frame_points)
        for original in parts:
            frame_id = str(original.get("frame", frames[0]["id"]))
            paths = self.xyz_paths(original)
            if frame_id not in three_dimensional_frames or not paths:
                projected_parts.append(original)
                continue
            projected_paths = []
            projected_depth_paths = []
            depths = []
            for path in paths:
                projected_path = []
                depth_path = []
                for point in path:
                    projected_x, projected_y, depth = self.project_3d_point(
                        point, frame_views.get(frame_id)
                    )
                    projected_path.append((projected_x, projected_y))
                    depth_path.append(depth)
                    depths.append(depth)
                if projected_path:
                    projected_paths.append(projected_path)
                    projected_depth_paths.append(depth_path)
            if not projected_paths:
                projected_parts.append(original)
                continue
            bounds = projected_bounds.setdefault(frame_id, [math.inf, math.inf, -math.inf, -math.inf])
            for path in projected_paths:
                for x, y in path:
                    bounds[0] = min(bounds[0], x)
                    bounds[1] = min(bounds[1], y)
                    bounds[2] = max(bounds[2], x)
                    bounds[3] = max(bounds[3], y)
            projected = dict(original)
            geometry_type = original.get("type", "").upper()
            if geometry_type in POINT_TYPES:
                projected_x, projected_y = projected_paths[0][0]
                projected.update({
                    "x": projected_x,
                    "y": -projected_y,
                    "points": [
                        [x, -y]
                        for path in projected_paths
                        for x, y in path
                    ],
                    "vertices": [],
                })
            else:
                close_paths = geometry_type in area_types
                projected["svg"] = " ".join(
                    "M " + " L ".join(f"{x:.12g} {-y:.12g}" for x, y in path)
                    + (" Z" if close_paths else "")
                    for path in projected_paths
                )
                if close_paths:
                    projected["direction_paths"] = [
                        [[x, -y] for x, y in path] for path in projected_paths
                    ]
                projected["vertices"] = (
                    [] if close_paths or geometry_type in {"CIRCULARSTRING", "COMPOUNDCURVE"}
                    else [[x, -y] for x, y in projected_paths[0]]
                )
            if geometry_type in area_types:
                projected.update({
                    "is_3d_face": True,
                    "depth": sum(depths) / len(depths),
                    "fill_3d_face": True,
                    "edges_3d": self.projected_3d_edges(paths, projected_paths, projected_depth_paths),
                    "face_3d": self.projected_3d_face(paths, projected_paths, projected_depth_paths),
                    "shade": self.face_shade(paths),
                })
            projected_parts.append(projected)

        code_3d_frames = {
            str(part.get("frame", frames[0]["id"]))
            for part in projected_parts
            if part.get("is_3d_face") and part.get("source") == "Code"
        }
        for part in projected_parts:
            if (
                part.get("is_3d_face")
                and part.get("source") == "Output"
                and str(part.get("frame", frames[0]["id"])) in code_3d_frames
                and str(part.get("root_type", "")).upper() == "TIN"
            ):
                part["fill_3d_face"] = False
                part["occlude_3d_face"] = True
                if show_tessellation:
                    part["tessellation_overlay"] = True
                    part["draw_hidden_3d_edges"] = False

        edge_visibility = {}
        coplanar_seam_keys = set()
        edge_faces = {}
        face_vertex_counts_by_paint_group = {}
        face_root_types_by_paint_group = {}
        paint_group_views = {}
        for part_index, part in enumerate(projected_parts):
            if not part.get("is_3d_face"):
                continue
            part_frame_id = str(part.get("frame", frames[0]["id"]))
            visibility_group = "|".join((
                part_frame_id,
                str(part.get("source")),
            ))
            paint_group = "|".join((visibility_group, str(part.get("ord"))))
            part["visibility_group"] = visibility_group
            part["paint_group"] = paint_group
            paint_group_views.setdefault(
                paint_group, frame_views.get(part_frame_id)
            )
            face = part.get("face_3d") or {}
            plane = face.get("depth_plane")
            face_edge_keys = face.get("edge_keys") or []
            face_edge_length_sum = sum(
                self.edge_length_3d(edge_key) for edge_key in face_edge_keys
            )
            face_vertex_counts_by_paint_group.setdefault(paint_group, []).append(
                int(face.get("vertex_count") or 0)
            )
            face_root_types_by_paint_group.setdefault(paint_group, set()).add(
                str(part.get("root_type", "")).upper()
            )
            for edge_key in face_edge_keys:
                edge_length = self.edge_length_3d(edge_key)
                other_edge_length = face_edge_length_sum - edge_length
                edge_faces.setdefault((visibility_group, edge_key), []).append({
                    "part_index": part_index,
                    "paint_group": paint_group,
                    "plane": plane,
                    "normal": face.get("normal") or (0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                    "vertex_count": int(face.get("vertex_count") or 0),
                    "edge_to_other_length_ratio": (
                        edge_length / other_edge_length
                        if other_edge_length > 0 else 0
                    ),
                })

        shallow_edge_lengths_by_paint_group = {}
        shared_edge_lengths_by_paint_group = {}
        for (visibility_group, edge_key), face_records in edge_faces.items():
            part_indexes = {record["part_index"] for record in face_records}
            if len(part_indexes) < 2:
                continue
            first_paint_group = face_records[0]["paint_group"]
            first_plane = face_records[0]["plane"]
            if all(
                record["paint_group"] == first_paint_group
                and self.same_depth_plane(first_plane, record["plane"])
                for record in face_records[1:]
            ):
                coplanar_seam_keys.add((visibility_group, edge_key))
            records_by_paint_group = {}
            for record in face_records:
                records_by_paint_group.setdefault(record["paint_group"], []).append(record)
            for paint_group, records in records_by_paint_group.items():
                if len(records) != 2 or not all(
                    record["vertex_count"] <= 4 for record in records
                ):
                    continue
                edge_length = self.edge_length_3d(edge_key)
                shared_edge_lengths_by_paint_group.setdefault(paint_group, []).append(
                    edge_length
                )
                angle = self.face_angle_degrees(
                    records[0]["normal"], records[1]["normal"]
                )
                if angle is not None and angle <= self.SMOOTH_3D_EDGE_MAX_ANGLE:
                    shallow_edge_lengths_by_paint_group.setdefault(paint_group, []).append(
                        edge_length
                    )

        smooth_join_lengths = {}
        # Dense capped sweeps use shallow quads for a smooth wall and short
        # non-manifold edges at joins.  Keep cap and long hard creases, while
        # restricting the generated wall seams to the projected silhouette.
        for paint_group, lengths in shallow_edge_lengths_by_paint_group.items():
            vertex_counts = face_vertex_counts_by_paint_group.get(paint_group, [])
            if (
                len(lengths) < self.SMOOTH_3D_EDGE_MIN_COUNT
                or sum(count <= 4 for count in vertex_counts) < self.SMOOTH_3D_EDGE_MIN_COUNT
                or not any(count >= 8 for count in vertex_counts)
            ):
                continue
            ordered_lengths = sorted(lengths)
            midpoint = len(ordered_lengths) // 2
            median_length = (
                ordered_lengths[midpoint]
                if len(ordered_lengths) % 2
                else (ordered_lengths[midpoint - 1] + ordered_lengths[midpoint]) / 2
            )
            smooth_join_lengths[paint_group] = (
                median_length * self.SMOOTH_3D_JOIN_LENGTH_RATIO
            )
        # A triangulated PolyhedralSurface with several shallow shared edges is
        # a faceted approximation.  Restrict shallow seams and clearly shorter
        # bevel edges to its silhouette, while retaining long sharp creases.
        faceted_surface_paint_groups = {
            paint_group
            for paint_group, vertex_counts in face_vertex_counts_by_paint_group.items()
            if (
                len(vertex_counts) >= self.FACETED_3D_FACE_MIN_COUNT
                and all(count <= 4 for count in vertex_counts)
                and face_root_types_by_paint_group.get(paint_group)
                == {"POLYHEDRALSURFACE"}
                and len(shallow_edge_lengths_by_paint_group.get(paint_group, []))
                >= self.FACETED_3D_SHALLOW_EDGE_MIN_COUNT
            )
        }
        short_facet_edge_limits = {}
        for paint_group in faceted_surface_paint_groups:
            limit = self.separated_short_edge_limit(
                shared_edge_lengths_by_paint_group.get(paint_group, [])
            )
            if limit is not None:
                short_facet_edge_limits[paint_group] = limit
        faceted_crease_connector_keys = set()
        for paint_group, short_limit in short_facet_edge_limits.items():
            short_sharp_edges = []
            long_sharp_edges = []
            for (_, edge_key), face_records in edge_faces.items():
                matching_faces = [
                    record for record in face_records
                    if record["paint_group"] == paint_group
                ]
                if len(matching_faces) != 2 or not all(
                    record["vertex_count"] <= 4 for record in matching_faces
                ):
                    continue
                angle = self.face_angle_degrees(
                    matching_faces[0]["normal"], matching_faces[1]["normal"]
                )
                if (
                    angle is None
                    or angle <= self.faceted_smooth_edge_max_angle(matching_faces)
                ):
                    continue
                if self.edge_length_3d(edge_key) <= short_limit:
                    short_sharp_edges.append(edge_key)
                else:
                    long_sharp_edges.append(edge_key)
            view = paint_group_views.get(paint_group)
            for short_edge in short_sharp_edges:
                if any(
                    continuation is not None
                    and continuation
                    <= self.FACETED_3D_SCREEN_CONTINUATION_MAX_ANGLE
                    for continuation in (
                        self.edge_screen_continuation_degrees(
                            short_edge, long_edge, view
                        )
                        for long_edge in long_sharp_edges
                    )
                ):
                    faceted_crease_connector_keys.add((paint_group, short_edge))
        smooth_surface_paint_groups = (
            set(smooth_join_lengths) | faceted_surface_paint_groups
        )
        for part in projected_parts:
            if not part.get("is_3d_face"):
                continue
            for edge in part.get("edges_3d") or []:
                visibility_key = (part["visibility_group"], edge["key"])
                edge_visibility[visibility_key] = (
                    edge_visibility.get(visibility_key, False)
                    or bool(part.get("fill_3d_face", True))
                )
        for part in projected_parts:
            if not part.get("is_3d_face"):
                continue
            keep_coplanar_seams = bool(part.get("tessellation_overlay"))
            face_vertex_count = int(
                (part.get("face_3d") or {}).get("vertex_count") or 0
            )
            part["smooth_3d_surface"] = (
                part["paint_group"] in smooth_surface_paint_groups
            )
            part["smooth_3d_side"] = (
                part["paint_group"] in smooth_join_lengths
                and face_vertex_count <= 4
            )
            part["smooth_3d_cap"] = (
                part["paint_group"] in smooth_join_lengths
                and face_vertex_count >= 8
            )
            classified_edges = []
            for edge in part.get("edges_3d") or []:
                visibility_key = (part["visibility_group"], edge["key"])
                if ((visibility_key in coplanar_seam_keys) != keep_coplanar_seams):
                    continue
                matching_faces = [
                    record for record in edge_faces.get(visibility_key, [])
                    if record["paint_group"] == part["paint_group"]
                ]
                silhouette_only = False
                short_join_limit = smooth_join_lengths.get(part["paint_group"])
                if (
                    part["paint_group"] in faceted_surface_paint_groups
                    and len(matching_faces) == 2
                    and all(record["vertex_count"] <= 4 for record in matching_faces)
                ):
                    angle = self.face_angle_degrees(
                        matching_faces[0]["normal"], matching_faces[1]["normal"]
                    )
                    edge_length = self.edge_length_3d(edge["key"])
                    short_facet_limit = short_facet_edge_limits.get(
                        part["paint_group"]
                    )
                    silhouette_only = (
                        (
                            angle is not None
                            and angle
                            <= self.faceted_smooth_edge_max_angle(matching_faces)
                        )
                        or (
                            short_facet_limit is not None
                            and edge_length <= short_facet_limit
                        )
                    )
                    if (
                        part["paint_group"], edge["key"]
                    ) in faceted_crease_connector_keys:
                        silhouette_only = False
                elif short_join_limit is not None and matching_faces and all(
                    record["vertex_count"] <= 4 for record in matching_faces
                ):
                    edge_length = self.edge_length_3d(edge["key"])
                    if len(matching_faces) == 2:
                        angle = self.face_angle_degrees(
                            matching_faces[0]["normal"], matching_faces[1]["normal"]
                        )
                        silhouette_only = (
                            angle is not None
                            and angle <= self.SMOOTH_3D_EDGE_MAX_ANGLE
                        )
                    elif len(matching_faces) >= 3:
                        silhouette_only = edge_length <= short_join_limit
                classified_edges.append({
                    **edge,
                    "visible_boundary": edge_visibility.get(visibility_key, False),
                    "silhouette_only": silhouette_only,
                })
            part["edges_3d"] = classified_edges
        if database:
            face_patches_by_part = self.split_3d_face_patches(database, projected_parts)
            edge_segments_by_part = self.split_3d_edge_segments(
                database, projected_parts, face_patches_by_part
            )
            for part_index, part in enumerate(projected_parts):
                if part.get("is_3d_face"):
                    part["face_patches_3d"] = face_patches_by_part.get(part_index, [])
                    part["face_patches_3d_ready"] = True
                    part["edge_segments_3d"] = edge_segments_by_part.get(part_index, [])
                    part["edge_segments_3d_ready"] = True
                part.pop("face_3d", None)
        else:
            for part in projected_parts:
                part.pop("face_3d", None)

        projected_frames = []
        if len(projected_bounds) > 1:
            shared_bounds = [
                min(bounds[0] for bounds in projected_bounds.values()),
                min(bounds[1] for bounds in projected_bounds.values()),
                max(bounds[2] for bounds in projected_bounds.values()),
                max(bounds[3] for bounds in projected_bounds.values()),
            ]
            projected_bounds = {
                frame_id: list(shared_bounds)
                for frame_id in projected_bounds
            }
        for frame in frames:
            projected_frame = dict(frame)
            frame_id = str(frame["id"])
            if frame_id in projected_bounds:
                projected_frame["bounds"] = projected_bounds[frame_id]
                projected_frame["three_dimensional"] = True
            projected_frames.append(projected_frame)
        projected_payload = dict(payload)
        projected_payload["frames"] = projected_frames
        projected_payload["parts"] = projected_parts
        return projected_payload

    def visual_svg(
        self, visual_id, payload, database=None, show_direction=False,
        hide_output_area_vertices=False,
        matrix_3x3=False,
        show_tessellation=False,
    ):
        if any(
            part.get("has_z") and part.get("points_xyz")
            and part.get("type", "").upper() in {
                "POLYGON", "MULTIPOLYGON", "CURVEPOLYGON", "MULTISURFACE",
                "TRIANGLE", "TIN", "POLYHEDRALSURFACE",
            }
            for part in payload.get("parts") or []
        ):
            payload = self.project_3d_payload(
                payload, database=database, show_tessellation=show_tessellation
            )
        frames = payload.get("frames") or [{
            "id": "Overlay",
            "bounds": payload["bounds"],
        }]
        frame_count = len(frames)
        show_frame_labels = frame_count > 1 or any(
            frame.get("three_dimensional") for frame in frames
        )
        frame_rows = None
        if matrix_3x3 and frame_count > 9:
            sources_by_frame = {}
            for part in payload.get("parts") or []:
                frame_id = str(part.get("frame", frames[0]["id"]))
                sources_by_frame.setdefault(frame_id, set()).add(part.get("source"))
            code_frame_ids = [
                str(frame["id"])
                for frame in frames
                if "Code" in sources_by_frame.get(str(frame["id"]), set())
            ]
            output_frame_ids = [
                str(frame["id"])
                for frame in frames
                if "Output" in sources_by_frame.get(str(frame["id"]), set())
            ]
            if len(output_frame_ids) == 9:
                frame_rows = []
                for index in range(0, len(code_frame_ids), 3):
                    frame_rows.append(code_frame_ids[index:index + 3])
                frame_rows.extend([
                    output_frame_ids[index:index + 3]
                    for index in range(0, len(output_frame_ids), 3)
                ])
        if frame_rows:
            panel_columns = max(len(row) for row in frame_rows)
            panel_rows = len(frame_rows)
            frame_positions = {
                frame_id: (row_index, column_index, len(row))
                for row_index, row in enumerate(frame_rows)
                for column_index, frame_id in enumerate(row)
            }
        elif frame_count == 1:
            panel_columns = 1
            panel_rows = 1
            frame_positions = None
        elif frame_count == 3:
            panel_columns = 3
            panel_rows = 1
            frame_positions = None
        elif frame_count == 9:
            panel_columns = 3
            panel_rows = 3
            frame_positions = None
        else:
            panel_columns = min(2, frame_count)
            panel_rows = math.ceil(frame_count / panel_columns)
            frame_positions = None
        panel_gap = 20 if frame_count > 1 else 0
        svg_width = 900 if frame_count == 3 or frame_rows else 600
        plot_width = svg_width - 40
        panel_width = (plot_width - panel_gap * (panel_columns - 1)) / panel_columns
        plot_top = 30 if show_frame_labels else 12
        panel_height = 322 - plot_top if panel_rows == 1 else 220
        plot_bottom = plot_top + panel_rows * panel_height + panel_gap * (panel_rows - 1)
        layouts = {}
        backgrounds = []
        frame_labels = []
        grid = []
        for frame_index, frame in enumerate(frames):
            frame_id = str(frame["id"])
            min_x, min_y, max_x, max_y = [float(value) for value in frame["bounds"]]
            width = max_x - min_x
            height = max_y - min_y
            fallback = max(width, height, 1.0)
            if width == 0:
                min_x -= fallback / 2
                max_x += fallback / 2
            if height == 0:
                min_y -= fallback / 2
                max_y += fallback / 2
            width = max_x - min_x
            height = max_y - min_y
            min_x -= width * 0.08
            max_x += width * 0.08
            min_y -= height * 0.08
            max_y += height * 0.08
            if frame_positions and frame_id in frame_positions:
                panel_row, panel_column, panels_in_row = frame_positions[frame_id]
            else:
                panel_row = frame_index // panel_columns
                panel_column = frame_index % panel_columns
                panels_in_row = min(panel_columns, frame_count - panel_row * panel_columns)
            row_width = panels_in_row * panel_width + (panels_in_row - 1) * panel_gap
            row_left = 20 + (plot_width - row_width) / 2
            panel_left = row_left + panel_column * (panel_width + panel_gap)
            panel_right = panel_left + panel_width
            panel_top = plot_top + panel_row * (panel_height + panel_gap)
            panel_bottom = panel_top + panel_height
            scale = min(panel_width / (max_x - min_x), panel_height / (max_y - min_y))
            used_width = (max_x - min_x) * scale
            used_height = (max_y - min_y) * scale
            left = panel_left + (panel_width - used_width) / 2
            top = panel_top + (panel_height - used_height) / 2
            translate_x = left - min_x * scale
            translate_y = top + max_y * scale
            layouts[frame_id] = {
                "scale": scale,
                "translate_x": translate_x,
                "translate_y": translate_y,
            }
            backgrounds.append(
                f'<rect class="plot-background" x="{panel_left:.12g}" y="{panel_top}" '
                f'width="{panel_width:.12g}" height="{panel_height}" fill="#fbfcfd"/>'
            )
            if show_frame_labels:
                frame_label = str(frame.get("label", frame_id))
                if frame.get("three_dimensional"):
                    frame_label = (
                        "3D view" if frame_count == 1 or frame_label == "Overlay"
                        else f"{frame_label} (3D view)"
                    )
                frame_labels.append(
                    f'<text class="frame-label" x="{(panel_left + panel_right) / 2:.12g}" y="{panel_top - 10}" '
                    f'text-anchor="middle">{html.escape(frame_label)}</text>'
                )

            if frame.get("three_dimensional"):
                continue
            step = self.grid_step(max(max_x - min_x, max_y - min_y))
            first_x = math.ceil(min_x / step) * step
            first_y = math.ceil(min_y / step) * step
            value = first_x
            for _ in range(32):
                if value > max_x + step * 1e-9:
                    break
                x = translate_x + value * scale
                grid.append(
                    f'<line x1="{x:.12g}" y1="{panel_top}" x2="{x:.12g}" y2="{panel_bottom}" '
                    'stroke="#dce2e7" stroke-width="1"/>'
                )
                if panel_left + 18 <= x <= panel_right - 18:
                    grid.append(
                        f'<text class="grid-label grid-label-x" x="{x:.12g}" '
                        f'y="{panel_bottom - 5:.12g}" text-anchor="middle">'
                        f'{html.escape(self.grid_label(value))}</text>'
                    )
                next_value = value + step
                if next_value <= value:
                    break
                value = next_value
            value = first_y
            for _ in range(32):
                if value > max_y + step * 1e-9:
                    break
                y = translate_y - value * scale
                grid.append(
                    f'<line x1="{panel_left:.12g}" y1="{y:.12g}" '
                    f'x2="{panel_right:.12g}" y2="{y:.12g}" '
                    'stroke="#dce2e7" stroke-width="1"/>'
                )
                if panel_top + 12 <= y <= panel_bottom - 16:
                    grid.append(
                        f'<text class="grid-label grid-label-y" x="{panel_left + 5:.12g}" '
                        f'y="{y - 3:.12g}" text-anchor="start">'
                        f'{html.escape(self.grid_label(value))}</text>'
                    )
                next_value = value + step
                if next_value <= value:
                    break
                value = next_value

        area_groups = []
        line_groups = []
        point_groups = []
        three_d_scenes = {}
        three_d_sequence = 0
        frame_order = {str(frame["id"]): index for index, frame in enumerate(frames)}
        source_order = {"Code": 0, "Output": 1}
        legend = []
        source_indexes = {"Code": 0, "Output": 0}
        parts_by_ord = {}
        for part in payload.get("parts") or []:
            parts_by_ord.setdefault(part["ord"], []).append(part)
        for ordinal, parts in sorted(parts_by_ord.items()):
            if any(part.get("is_3d_face") for part in parts):
                # Paint smaller projected-depth faces first.  The view-vector
                # dot product grows toward the camera, and SVG later paths
                # cover earlier paths.
                parts.sort(
                    key=lambda part: (float(part.get("depth", 0)), part.get("svg") or ""),
                )
            source = parts[0]["source"]
            frame_id = str(parts[0].get("frame", frames[0]["id"]))
            layout = layouts[frame_id]
            scale = layout["scale"]
            source_index = source_indexes[source]
            source_indexes[source] += 1
            color = SVG_PALETTES[source][source_index % len(SVG_PALETTES[source])]
            geometry_id = f"{visual_id}-{source.lower()}-{source_index + 1}"
            hidden_edge_shapes = []
            visible_edge_shapes = []
            shapes = []
            face_shapes_3d = []
            is_3d_geometry = any(part.get("is_3d_face") for part in parts)
            root_type = parts[0].get("root_type", "").upper()
            # Projected 3D faces share a base color; their normals supply shading.
            multipart_areas = (
                len(parts) > 1
                and all(part["type"].upper() in {
                    "POLYGON", "MULTIPOLYGON", "CURVEPOLYGON", "MULTISURFACE",
                    "TRIANGLE", "TIN", "POLYHEDRALSURFACE",
                } for part in parts)
                and root_type != "POLYHEDRALSURFACE"
                and not any(part.get("is_3d_face") for part in parts)
            )
            for part_index, part in enumerate(parts):
                part_color = (
                    SVG_PALETTES[source][(source_index + part_index) % len(SVG_PALETTES[source])]
                    if multipart_areas else color
                )
                if str(part.get("dimension")) == "0" or part["type"].upper() in {"POINT", "MULTIPOINT"}:
                    points = part.get("points") or [[part.get("x"), part.get("y")]]
                    density_scale = self.marker_density_scale(
                        part.get("total_points"),
                        part.get("source_point_count"),
                    )
                    marker_scale = max(0.75, min(float(part.get("marker_scale") or 1.0), 2.2))
                    radius = ((6.5 if source == "Code" else 4.5) * density_scale * marker_scale) / scale
                    for point in points:
                        if point[0] is None or point[1] is None:
                            continue
                        point_x = float(point[0])
                        point_y = float(point[1])
                        shapes.append(
                            f'<path class="point" d="M {point_x - radius:.12g} {point_y:.12g} '
                            f'A {radius:.12g} {radius:.12g} 0 1 0 {point_x + radius:.12g} {point_y:.12g} '
                            f'A {radius:.12g} {radius:.12g} 0 1 0 {point_x - radius:.12g} {point_y:.12g} Z" '
                            f'fill="{part_color}" stroke="white" stroke-width="{1.2 / scale:.12g}"/>'
                        )
                else:
                    if not part.get("svg"):
                        raise RuntimeError(
                            f"PostGIS returned an empty SVG path for {visual_id} {part['type']}"
                        )
                    if re.search(r"(?:^|\s)[Aa]\s+-(?:\d|\.)|\b(?:nan|inf)\b", part["svg"], re.I):
                        raise RuntimeError(
                            f"PostGIS returned an invalid SVG path for {visual_id} {part['type']}: {part['svg']}"
                        )
                    svg_data = html.escape(part["svg"], quote=True)
                    dimension_class = "area" if part["type"].upper() in {
                        "POLYGON", "MULTIPOLYGON", "CURVEPOLYGON", "MULTISURFACE",
                        "TRIANGLE", "TIN", "POLYHEDRALSURFACE",
                    } else "line"
                    fill = color if dimension_class == "area" else "none"
                    stroke_color = part_color
                    if part.get("is_3d_face"):
                        shade = float(part["shade"])
                        if part.get("smooth_3d_side"):
                            shade = self.SMOOTH_3D_SIDE_SHADE
                        elif part.get("smooth_3d_cap"):
                            shade = max(shade, self.SMOOTH_3D_CAP_MIN_SHADE)
                        part_color = self.shade_color(part_color, shade)
                        # Separate edge paths carry the visible/hidden linework.
                        stroke_color = self.shade_color(part_color, 0.68)
                        edge_stroke_color = self.shade_color(color, 0.34)
                    else:
                        edge_stroke_color = stroke_color
                    stroke_pixels = (
                        5 if source == "Code" and dimension_class == "line"
                        else 1.2 if part.get("is_3d_face")
                        else 1.8 if root_type == "POLYHEDRALSURFACE"
                        else 3
                    )
                    stroke_width = stroke_pixels / scale
                    edge_segments_3d = part.get("edge_segments_3d") or []
                    edge_segments_3d_ready = part.get("edge_segments_3d_ready", bool(edge_segments_3d))
                    if edge_segments_3d:
                        for segment in edge_segments_3d:
                            segment_svg = html.escape(segment["svg"], quote=True)
                            if segment.get("visible"):
                                visible_edge_shapes.append(
                                    f'<path class="visible-edge" d="{segment_svg}" '
                                    f'stroke="{edge_stroke_color}" fill="none" '
                                    f'stroke-opacity="1" fill-rule="evenodd" '
                                    f'stroke-width="{max(stroke_width, 1.45 / scale):.12g}" '
                                    'stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" '
                                    'pointer-events="none"/>'
                                )
                            elif part.get("draw_hidden_3d_edges", True):
                                hidden_edge_shapes.append(
                                    f'<path class="hidden-edge" d="{segment_svg}" '
                                    f'stroke="{edge_stroke_color}" fill="none" '
                                    f'stroke-width="{1.05 / scale:.12g}" '
                                    f'stroke-dasharray="{2.8 / scale:.12g} {2.2 / scale:.12g}" '
                                    f'stroke-dashoffset="{2.8 / scale:.12g}" '
                                    'stroke-opacity="0.86" fill-rule="evenodd" '
                                    'stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" '
                                    'pointer-events="none"/>'
                                )
                    elif (
                        part.get("is_3d_face")
                        and not edge_segments_3d_ready
                        and not part.get("fill_3d_face", True)
                        and part.get("draw_hidden_3d_edges", True)
                    ):
                        hidden_edge_shapes.append(
                            f'<path class="hidden-edge" d="{svg_data}" '
                            f'stroke="{part_color}" fill="none" '
                            f'stroke-width="{1.1 / scale:.12g}" '
                            f'stroke-dasharray="{2.8 / scale:.12g} {2.2 / scale:.12g}" '
                            f'stroke-dashoffset="{2.8 / scale:.12g}" '
                            'stroke-opacity="0.86" fill-rule="evenodd" '
                            'stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" '
                            'pointer-events="none"/>'
                        )
                    fill_opacity = (
                        1 if part.get("fill_3d_face", True)
                        else 0
                    ) if part.get("is_3d_face") else 0.24 if dimension_class == "area" else 0
                    stroke_opacity = (
                        0 if edge_segments_3d_ready
                        else 1 if part.get("fill_3d_face", True)
                        else 0
                    ) if part.get("is_3d_face") else 1
                    face_patches_3d = part.get("face_patches_3d") or []
                    face_patches_3d_ready = part.get(
                        "face_patches_3d_ready", bool(face_patches_3d)
                    )
                    if part.get("is_3d_face") and not part.get("fill_3d_face", True):
                        face_svg_paths = []
                    elif face_patches_3d:
                        face_svg_paths = [
                            (
                                html.escape(patch["svg"], quote=True),
                                float(patch.get("depth", part.get("depth", 0))),
                            )
                            for patch in face_patches_3d
                            if patch.get("draw", True)
                        ]
                    elif face_patches_3d_ready:
                        face_svg_paths = []
                    else:
                        face_svg_paths = [(svg_data, float(part.get("depth", 0)))]
                    for face_svg, face_depth in face_svg_paths:
                        smooth_face = bool(part.get("smooth_3d_surface"))
                        face_stroke_color = part_color if smooth_face else stroke_color
                        face_stroke_opacity = 1 if smooth_face else stroke_opacity
                        face_stroke_width = (
                            self.SMOOTH_3D_FACE_OVERLAP_PIXELS / scale
                            if smooth_face else stroke_width
                        )
                        face_attributes = (
                            f' data-postgis-face="{part_index + 1}"'
                            f' data-postgis-depth="{face_depth:.12g}"'
                            if part.get("is_3d_face") else ""
                        )
                        face_shape = (
                            f'<path class="{dimension_class}"{face_attributes} d="{face_svg}" '
                            f'stroke="{face_stroke_color}" '
                            f'fill="{part_color if dimension_class == "area" else fill}" '
                            f'fill-opacity="{fill_opacity}" '
                            f'stroke-opacity="{face_stroke_opacity}" '
                            'fill-rule="evenodd" '
                            f'stroke-width="{face_stroke_width:.12g}" '
                            'stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>'
                        )
                        if part.get("is_3d_face"):
                            face_shapes_3d.append((face_depth, face_shape))
                        else:
                            shapes.append(face_shape)
                    if (
                        part.get("is_3d_face")
                        and part.get("fill_3d_face", True)
                        and not edge_segments_3d_ready
                    ):
                        visible_edge_shapes.append(
                            f'<path class="visible-edge" d="{svg_data}" '
                            f'stroke="{stroke_color}" fill="none" '
                            f'stroke-opacity="1" fill-rule="evenodd" '
                            f'stroke-width="{stroke_width:.12g}" '
                            'stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" '
                            'pointer-events="none"/>'
                        )
                    vertices = part.get("vertices") or []
                    if len(vertices) > 1 and vertices[0] == vertices[-1]:
                        vertices = vertices[:-1]
                    if dimension_class == "line" and not part.get("closed") and len(vertices) >= 2:
                        end_x, end_y = [float(value) for value in vertices[-1]]
                        previous_x, previous_y = [float(value) for value in vertices[-2]]
                        delta_x = end_x - previous_x
                        delta_y = end_y - previous_y
                        length = math.hypot(delta_x, delta_y)
                        if length > 0:
                            arrow_length = (10 if source == "Code" else 8) / scale
                            arrow_half_width = arrow_length * 0.45
                            unit_x = delta_x / length
                            unit_y = delta_y / length
                            base_x = end_x - unit_x * arrow_length
                            base_y = end_y - unit_y * arrow_length
                            perpendicular_x = -unit_y * arrow_half_width
                            perpendicular_y = unit_x * arrow_half_width
                            shapes.append(
                                f'<path class="direction-arrow" d="M {end_x:.12g} {end_y:.12g} '
                                f'L {base_x + perpendicular_x:.12g} {base_y + perpendicular_y:.12g} '
                                f'L {base_x - perpendicular_x:.12g} {base_y - perpendicular_y:.12g} Z" '
                                f'fill="{part_color}" stroke="white" stroke-width="{0.7 / scale:.12g}"/>'
                            )
                    if show_direction and dimension_class == "area":
                        direction_paths = part.get("direction_paths") or [vertices]
                        for direction_path in direction_paths:
                            if len(direction_path) > 1 and direction_path[0] == direction_path[-1]:
                                direction_path = direction_path[:-1]
                            if len(direction_path) < 2:
                                continue
                            for segment_index, (start, end) in enumerate(
                                zip(direction_path, direction_path[1:] + direction_path[:1])
                            ):
                                # Two arrows per ring are enough to make winding visible
                                # without turning small polygons into hedgehogs.  Offset
                                # the first arrow from vertices so it does not disappear
                                # under vertex markers on simple rectangles.
                                arrow_step = max(1, len(direction_path) // 2)
                                arrow_offset = 1 if arrow_step > 1 else 0
                                if segment_index % arrow_step != arrow_offset:
                                    continue
                                start_x, start_y = [float(value) for value in start]
                                end_x, end_y = [float(value) for value in end]
                                delta_x = end_x - start_x
                                delta_y = end_y - start_y
                                length = math.hypot(delta_x, delta_y)
                                if length <= 0:
                                    continue
                                arrow_length = (15 if source == "Code" else 13) / scale
                                arrow_half_width = arrow_length * 0.5
                                unit_x = delta_x / length
                                unit_y = delta_y / length
                                tip_x = start_x + delta_x * 0.5
                                tip_y = start_y + delta_y * 0.5
                                base_x = tip_x - unit_x * arrow_length
                                base_y = tip_y - unit_y * arrow_length
                                perpendicular_x = -unit_y * arrow_half_width
                                perpendicular_y = unit_x * arrow_half_width
                                arrow_path = (
                                    f'M {tip_x:.12g} {tip_y:.12g} '
                                    f'L {base_x + perpendicular_x:.12g} {base_y + perpendicular_y:.12g} '
                                    f'L {base_x - perpendicular_x:.12g} {base_y - perpendicular_y:.12g} Z'
                                )
                                shapes.append(
                                    f'<path class="direction-arrow-halo" '
                                    f'd="{arrow_path}" fill="white" stroke="white" '
                                    f'stroke-width="{2.2 / scale:.12g}"/>'
                                )
                                shapes.append(
                                    f'<path class="direction-arrow ring-direction-arrow" '
                                    f'd="{arrow_path}" fill="{part_color}" stroke="{part_color}" '
                                    f'stroke-width="{0.35 / scale:.12g}"/>'
                                )
                    show_vertices = (
                        source == "Code"
                        or dimension_class == "line"
                        or (
                            len(vertices) <= 16
                            and len(parts) <= 8
                            and not (
                                hide_output_area_vertices
                                and source == "Output"
                                and dimension_class == "area"
                            )
                        )
                    )
                    if show_vertices:
                        vertex_radius = (
                            3 * self.marker_density_scale(
                                part.get("total_points"),
                                part.get("source_point_count"),
                            )
                        ) / scale
                        for x, y in vertices:
                            shapes.append(
                                f'<circle class="vertex" cx="{float(x):.12g}" cy="{float(y):.12g}" '
                                f'r="{vertex_radius:.12g}" fill="{part_color}" stroke="white" '
                                f'stroke-width="{0.8 / scale:.12g}"/>'
                            )
                    if dimension_class == "line" and part.get("closed") and vertices:
                        start_x, start_y = [float(value) for value in vertices[0]]
                        marker_label = html.escape(f"Start vertex for {parts[0]['label']}")
                        shapes.append(
                            f'<g class="start-vertex" data-postgis-start-vertex="true" '
                            f'pointer-events="all">'
                            f'<title>{marker_label}</title>'
                            f'<circle cx="{start_x:.12g}" cy="{start_y:.12g}" '
                            f'r="{7 / scale:.12g}" fill="white" stroke="{part_color}" '
                            f'stroke-width="{2 / scale:.12g}"/>'
                            f'<text x="{start_x:.12g}" y="{start_y + 3.1 / scale:.12g}" '
                            f'text-anchor="middle" font-size="{9 / scale:.12g}" '
                            f'fill="{part_color}" font-family="sans-serif" font-weight="700" '
                            f'pointer-events="none">1</text></g>'
                        )
            def geometry_group(contents):
                return (
                    f'<g class="geometry-layer" opacity="1" '
                    f'data-postgis-geometry-id="{geometry_id}" '
                    f'data-postgis-frame="{html.escape(frame_id, quote=True)}" '
                    f'transform="matrix({scale:.12g} 0 0 {scale:.12g} '
                    f'{layout["translate_x"]:.12g} {layout["translate_y"]:.12g})">'
                    + contents + "</g>"
                )

            if is_3d_geometry:
                scene_key = (
                    frame_order.get(frame_id, 0),
                    source_order.get(source, 2),
                    frame_id,
                    source,
                )
                scene = three_d_scenes.setdefault(scene_key, {
                    "faces": [],
                    "hidden_edges": [],
                    "visible_edges": [],
                    "annotations": [],
                })
                for face_depth, face_shape in face_shapes_3d:
                    scene["faces"].append((
                        face_depth,
                        three_d_sequence,
                        geometry_group(face_shape),
                    ))
                    three_d_sequence += 1
                if hidden_edge_shapes:
                    scene["hidden_edges"].append(
                        geometry_group("".join(hidden_edge_shapes))
                    )
                if visible_edge_shapes:
                    scene["visible_edges"].append(
                        geometry_group("".join(visible_edge_shapes))
                    )
                if shapes:
                    scene["annotations"].append(geometry_group("".join(shapes)))
            else:
                group_svg = geometry_group(
                    "".join(shapes) + "".join(hidden_edge_shapes)
                    + "".join(visible_edge_shapes)
                )
                if all(part["type"].upper() in POINT_TYPES for part in parts):
                    point_groups.append(group_svg)
                elif all(part["type"].upper() in {
                    "POLYGON", "MULTIPOLYGON", "CURVEPOLYGON", "MULTISURFACE",
                    "TRIANGLE", "TIN", "POLYHEDRALSURFACE",
                } for part in parts):
                    area_groups.append(group_svg)
                else:
                    line_groups.append(group_svg)
            legend.append((geometry_id, color, parts[0]["label"]))

        legend_svg = []
        cursor_x = 20
        cursor_y = plot_bottom + 32
        for geometry_id, color, label in legend:
            safe_label = html.escape(label)
            item_width = max(72, 34 + len(label) * 7)
            if cursor_x + item_width > svg_width - 20 and cursor_x > 20:
                cursor_x = 20
                cursor_y += 22
            legend_svg.append(
                f'<g class="legend-row" data-postgis-geometry-id="{geometry_id}" transform="translate({cursor_x} {cursor_y})">'
                f'<rect width="11" height="11" rx="2" fill="{color}"/>'
                f'<text x="16" y="10" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12" fill="#344">{safe_label}</text></g>'
            )
            cursor_x += item_width

        svg_height = cursor_y + 26
        three_d_groups = []
        for scene_key in sorted(three_d_scenes):
            scene = three_d_scenes[scene_key]
            scene["faces"].sort(key=lambda item: item[:2])
            three_d_groups.extend(group for _depth, _sequence, group in scene["faces"])
            three_d_groups.extend(scene["hidden_edges"])
            three_d_groups.extend(scene["visible_edges"])
            three_d_groups.extend(scene["annotations"])

        safe_id = html.escape(visual_id, quote=True)
        return (
            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\n'
            f'<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="{svg_width}" height="{svg_height}" viewBox="0 0 {svg_width} {svg_height}" role="img" aria-labelledby="{safe_id}-title">\n'
            f'<title id="{safe_id}-title">Input and output geometries for {safe_id}</title>\n'
            '<style>.plot-grid line{stroke:#dce2e7;stroke-width:1}.plot-grid text{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:9px;fill:#667887;fill-opacity:.56;paint-order:stroke;stroke:#fbfcfd;stroke-width:2.5px;stroke-opacity:.76}.frame-label{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:600;fill:#344}.geometry-layer{opacity:1;transition:opacity 90ms ease}.line,.area{stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;pointer-events:stroke}.point,.vertex{pointer-events:all}.legend-row{cursor:default}.legend-row text{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:12px;fill:#344}svg:has(.geometry-layer.active) .geometry-layer:not(.active){opacity:.18}.geometry-layer.active{filter:brightness(.72)}</style>\n'
            + "".join(backgrounds) + "\n" + "".join(frame_labels) + "\n"
            '<g class="plot-grid" aria-hidden="true">' + "".join(grid) + '</g>\n'
            + "".join(area_groups + three_d_groups + line_groups + point_groups)
            + '\n' + "".join(legend_svg) + '\n</svg>\n'
        )

    def publish_visual_examples(self, render_dir, visuals):
        destination = Path(render_dir)
        destination.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
        temporary = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=f".{destination.name}-", dir=destination.parent))
        try:
            manifest = []
            seen = set()
            for visual in visuals:
                if not visual["id"] or visual["id"] in seen:
                    raise RuntimeError(f"Duplicate or missing visual example id: {visual['id']!r}")
                seen.add(visual["id"])
                (temporary / f"{visual['id']}.svg").write_text(visual["svg"], encoding="utf-8")
                svg_match = re.search(
                    r'<svg\b[^>]*\bwidth="([^"]+)"[^>]*\bheight="([^"]+)"',
                    visual["svg"],
                )
                manifest_item = {
                    "id": visual["id"],
                    "kind": visual["kind"],
                    "output_omitted": visual.get("output_omitted", False),
                    "preferred": visual["preferred"],
                    "refentry": visual["refentry"],
                    "screen": visual["screen"],
                    "source": visual["source"],
                    "width": svg_match.group(1) if svg_match else None,
                    "height": svg_match.group(2) if svg_match else None,
                    "layers": visual.get("layers", []),
                }
                if visual.get("native_output"):
                    manifest_item["native_output"] = visual["native_output"]
                manifest.append(manifest_item)
            (temporary / "manifest.json").write_text(
                json.dumps(manifest, indent=2, sort_keys=True) + "\n", encoding="utf-8"
            )
            manifest_root = ET.Element("visual-examples")
            for item in manifest:
                visual_node = ET.SubElement(manifest_root, "visual", {
                    key: ("true" if value is True else "false" if value is False else str(value))
                    for key, value in item.items()
                    if key not in {"layers", "native_output"} and value is not None
                })
                if item.get("native_output"):
                    native_output = ET.SubElement(visual_node, "native-output", {
                        "format": "hexewkb",
                    })
                    native_output.text = item["native_output"]
                for layer in item["layers"]:
                    ET.SubElement(visual_node, "layer", {
                        key: ("true" if value is True else "false" if value is False else str(value))
                        for key, value in layer.items()
                        if value is not None
                    })
            ET.ElementTree(manifest_root).write(
                temporary / "manifest.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True
            )
            backup = destination.with_name(f".{destination.name}.old")
            if backup.exists():
                shutil.rmtree(backup)
            if destination.exists():
                destination.rename(backup)
            temporary.rename(destination)
            if backup.exists():
                shutil.rmtree(backup)
        except Exception:
            shutil.rmtree(temporary, ignore_errors=True)
            raise

    def check_environment(self, database):
        for check in ENVIRONMENT_CHECKS:
            try:
                actual = self.run_psql_query(database, check["query"])
            except RuntimeError as exc:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    f"Manual example test environment check failed: {check['label']}\n"
                    f"{check['hint']}\n{exc}"
                ) from exc

            if not self.rows_equal(actual, check["expected"]):
                raise RuntimeError(
                    f"Manual example test environment check failed: {check['label']}\n"
                    f"{check['hint']}\n"
                    f"Expected:\n{self.rows_to_string(check['expected'])}\n"
                    f"Actual:\n{self.rows_to_string(actual)}"
                )

        print(f"manual example test environment checks passed: {len(ENVIRONMENT_CHECKS)}")


def parse_source_example(body, screen_body=None):
    tester = ExampleTester.__new__(ExampleTester)
    if screen_body is not None:
        return tester.parse_adjacent_example(body, screen_body)
    return None, None


def parse_args():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description="Report or run manual example tests.",
        usage="%(prog)s --report|--run|--check-environment [--database DB] [--keep-going] [--render-dir DIR] <postgis-out.xml>",
    )
    mode = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
    mode.add_argument("--report", action="store_true")
    mode.add_argument("--run", action="store_true")
    mode.add_argument("--check-environment", action="store_true")
    parser.add_argument("--database")
    parser.add_argument("--keep-going", action="store_true", help="run all examples before failing")
    parser.add_argument("--render-dir", help="write selected build-time SVG assets after a successful --run")
    parser.add_argument("--visual-only", action="store_true", help="run only selected visual examples")
    parser.add_argument("--jobs", type=int, default=1, help="parallel workers for --visual-only (default: 1)")
    parser.add_argument("xml_file")
    return parser.parse_args()


def main():
    args = parse_args()

    try:
        tester = ExampleTester(args.xml_file)

        if args.report:
            tester.print_report()
        elif args.run:
            if not args.database:
                raise RuntimeError("--database is required with --run")
            tester.run_examples(
                args.database,
                keep_going=args.keep_going,
                render_dir=args.render_dir,
                visual_only=args.visual_only,
                jobs=max(1, args.jobs),
            )
        elif args.check_environment:
            if not args.database:
                raise RuntimeError("--database is required with --check-environment")
            tester.check_environment(args.database)
        return 0
    except Exception as exc:
        print(exc, file=sys.stderr)
        return 1


if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(main())
